How general is the effect of the bulkiness of organic ligands on the basicity of metal–organic catalysts? H2-evolving Mo oxides/sulphides as case studies

Abstract

Tailoring the activity of an organometallic catalyst usually requires a targeted ligand design. Tuning the ligand bulkiness and tuning the electronic properties are popular approaches, which are somehow interdependent because substituents of different sizes within ligands can determine inter alia the occurrence of different degrees of inductive effects. Ligand basicity, in particular, turned out to be a key property for the modulation of protonation reactions occurring in vacuo at the metals in complexes bearing organophosphorus ligands; however, when the same reactions take place in a polar organic solvent, their energetics becomes dependent on the trade-off between ligand basicity and bulkiness, with the polarity of the solvent playing a key role in this regard [Bancroft et al., Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 3675; Rovaletti et al., J. Phys. Org. Chem., 2018, 31, e3748]. In the present contribution, we carried out molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations on water-soluble Mo-based catalysts for proton reduction, in order to study the energetics of protonation reactions in complexes where the incipient proton binds a catalytically active ligand (i.e., an oxide or a disulphide). We considered complexes either soaked in water or in a vacuum, and featuring N-based ancillary ligands of different bulkiness (i.e. cages constituted either by pyridine or isoquinoline moieties). Our results show that the energetics of protonation events can be affected by ancillary ligand bulkiness even when the metal center does not play the role of the H⁺ acceptor. In vacuo, protonation at the O or S atom in the α position relative to the metal in complexes featuring the bulky isoquinoline-based ligand is more favored by around 10 kcal mol⁻¹ when compared to the case of the pyridine-based counterparts, a difference that is almost zero when the same reactions occur in water. Such an outcome is rationalized in light of the different electrostatic properties of complexes bearing ancillary ligands of different sizes. The overall picture from theory indicates that such effects of ligand bulkiness can be relevant for the design of green chemistry catalysts that undergo protonation steps in water solutions.