Green Ammonia: Revolutionizing Sustainable Energy for a Carbon-Free Future

Abstract

Ammonia (NH₃) plays a pivotal role in the transition toward sustainable energy systems. With its high hydrogen content, energy density, ease of storage and transport, and zero carbon emissions, ammonia has emerged as a promising energy carrier. While the conventional Haber-Bosch process remains the dominant method of NH₃ synthesis, new technologies driven by renewable energy sources are demonstrating greater efficiency and sustainability. Nonetheless, realizing ammonia’s full potential as an energy vector demands addressing substantial technical, economic, and environmental challenges across its lifecycle, including production, storage, transportation, and application. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in green ammonia synthesis and its energy applications, with particular emphasis on innovations in production technology, storage and transport solutions, and their environmental impacts. By synthesizing recent research developments, this review aims to inform future advancements in ammonia technology and underscore its pivotal role in the global energy transition.