A CO2 utilization framework for liquid fuels and chemical production: techno-economic and environmental analysis

Abstract

In this work, we developed a framework for CO₂ capture and utilization for energy products (CCU4E) and examined techno-economic and environmental performance in different scenarios. The framework includes process synthesis and design, process simulation, and modeling toward the technical, economic, and environmental performance of the CO₂-to-fuel pathway. Based on the 72 CO₂-to-fuel pathways examined, we discussed the trade-off between economic output (via the unit production cost of fuels) and environmental impact (via net CO₂ equivalent emissions). In addition, an optimization model was used to identify the optimal pathway and the decision to use conventional (black) or renewable (green) hydrogen in different scenarios. An extended sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the important role of H₂ in the mitigation of CO_2eq and its economic potential, globally and locally, as well as the prospect of future CO₂-based fuels. This study provides practical decision-making strategies to major carbon-emitting countries to make decisions on using domestic resources to balance economics and environmental protection in the CCU4E framework. The green hydrogen price is revealed as the key factor in future CCU4E by allowing a huge reduction in CO_2eq emissions at a more stable and lower price.