Current research of novel nano-delivery carriers based on exosomes: preparation, targeted enhancement, delivery mechanism and clinical application

Abstract

As a group of natural nanocarriers, exosomes have become a hotspot for drug delivery research due to their biocompatibility, targeting, and ability to cross biological barriers. In this paper, we systematically review the biological properties, drug-carrying strategies, and delivery mechanisms of exosomes as delivery carriers. Studies have shown that exosomes have a unique double-layer membrane structure and abundant biological activities, which can realize efficient drug delivery by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Genetic engineering and chemical modifications can further optimize their targeting and delivery efficiency. Exosomes deliver bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) to recipient cells via mechanisms such as surface ligand-receptor recognition, membrane fusion, or endocytosis. This precise delivery system regulates cellular functions, evades immune clearance, and holds immense promise for disease treatment, showcasing broad clinical application prospects. However, this field still faces key technological bottlenecks such as large-scale production and quality control. To address these challenges, emerging technologies such as the EXODUS system and microfluidic chips have demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing extraction efficiency and purity, providing potential solutions for scalable and standardized production. Future research should focus on addressing issues related to production process standardization and clinical translation to promote the practical application of this novel delivery system.