Conductive hydrogel-based epidermal electrodes for electrophysiological monitoring

Abstract

Electrophysiological signals generated by human physiological processes offer critical insights for health monitoring and disease diagnosis, with their precise acquisition depending on high-performance electrodes. Conductive hydrogel-based epidermal electrodes, owing to their superior properties, demonstrate significant promise in electrophysiological monitoring. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the design and application of conductive hydrogels for epidermal electrophysiological electrodes. It first categorizes the various types of conductive hydrogel materials, highlighting recent advancements and their unique advantages as electrode interfaces. Subsequently, the key properties of conductive hydrogel-based epidermal electrodes are discussed, including conductivity, adhesion, stretchability, and gas-permeability. Then, state-of-the-art applications across multiple electrophysiological domains are introduced, ranging from electrocardiography, electromyography, electrooculogram, and electroencephalography. Finally, a conclusion and future directions for the conductive hydrogel-based epidermal electrodes in electrophysiological monitoring are provided.