Exploring the effects of synthesis parameters on the properties and photoactivity of WO3–graphene oxide synthesized via a microwave route

Abstract

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) is a promising material for photocatalysis. Coupling it with graphene-based materials can enhance its electronic conductivity. One effective technique for synthesizing WO₃ nanomaterials is microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis, which selectively heats the reaction species and reduces the reaction time. We report a straightforward route for preparing a WO₃ nanomaterial modified with graphene oxide (WO₃GO) using microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis. We investigated the effect of various synthesis parameters, such as the irradiation time and reaction temperature. WO₃ nanoplatelets were obtained under all conditions investigated; also, adding GO to the reaction did not change the WO₃ morphology. It was observed that the crystal phase related to tungsten oxide can be modulated by temperature or time. Hexagonal WO₃·H₂O was obtained at temperatures of 160 and 180 °C, whereas at 200 °C, monoclinic WO₃ was formed. All WO₃GO materials were active for methylene blue, rhodamine B and methyl orange photodegradation. Also, incorporating GO increased the photoactivity of the materials.