* Corresponding authors

^a State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
E-mail: yyang@xmu.edu.cn

^b Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

^c Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA

^d School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

^e School of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

^f State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China

^g College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China