* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
E-mail: malcolm.xing@umanitoba.ca

^b Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
E-mail: doctorlufeng@hotmail.com

^c Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

^d Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

^e Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

^f Department of Bioengineering, University of California – Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA