* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
E-mail: stoddart@northwestern.edu

^b Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
E-mail: haixiao@tsinghua.edu.cn

^c Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

^d Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China

^e School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia