Efficiency boost in non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes: Harnessing aggregation-induced emission – a comprehensive review

Snigdhamayee Rana, Sandhya Rani Nayak, Sabita Patel and Sivakumar Vaidyanathan

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 765
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Optimizing the horizontal dipole orientation and dipole–dipole interaction of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for high efficiency and low roll-off red OLEDs

Jianwen Qin, Xianfeng Qiao, Dezhi Yang, Qian Sun, Yanfeng Dai, Xuhui Zhu and Dongge Ma

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2023, 11, 14299
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High-efficiency and low-efficiency roll-off fluorescence/phosphorescence hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes based on AIEgens with hot exciton property by strategically managing triplet excitons

Guangjian Gao, Pengbo Han, Xianfeng Qiao, Yanfeng Dai, Qian Sun, Dezhi Yang, Anjun Qin, Ben Zhong Tang and Dongge Ma

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 1972
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Tailoring structural rigidity utilizing a lock/unlock donor strategy for highly efficient solution processed blue and green HLCT OLEDs

Md Intekhab Alam, Mangey Ram Nagar, Debika Barman, Parameswar Krishnan Iyer, Jwo-Huei Jou and Sivakumar Vaidyanathan

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 13585
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Novel blue multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence host materials, including Ge-based bulky groups

Sangwook Park, Hyukmin Kwon, Hayoon Lee, Kiho Lee, Seokwoo Kang, Ki Ju Kim, Taekyung Kim and Jongwook Park

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 4384
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Is a small singlet–triplet energy gap a guarantee of TADF performance in MR-TADF compounds? Impact of the triplet manifold energy splitting

Rasa Keruckiene, Aliaksei A. Vaitusionak, Maksim I. Hulnik, Ivan A. Berezianko, Dalius Gudeika, Simas Macionis, Malek Mahmoudi, Dmytro Volyniuk, Danillo Valverde, Yoann Olivier, Kai Lin Woon, Sergei V. Kostjuk, Sebastian Reineke, Juozas V. Grazulevicius and Gjergji Sini

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 3450
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Designing solution-processed thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters via introducing bulky steric hindrance groups for pure red OLEDs

Shuo Li, Liang Chen, Maoqiu Li, Taoyi Zhang, Shouke Yan and Zhongjie Ren

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 12405
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Robust luminogens as cutting-edge tools for efficient light emission in recent decades

Jayaraman Jayabharathi and Venugopal Thanikachalam

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2024, 26, 13561
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Bluish-green-to-green thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters based on β-diketone derivatives exhibiting a horizontal emission dipole orientation ratio of 88% and an external quantum efficiency of nearly 25%

Keigo Hoshi, Hisahiro Sasabe, Ryoma Sato, Naoto Yoshida, Misaki Matsuya, Yudai Chiba and Junji Kido

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2023, 11, 14002
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Phenothiazine and phenothiazine sulfone derivatives: AIE, HTMs for doping free fluorescent and multiple-resonance TADF OLEDs

Ramakant Gavale, Melika Ghasemi, Faizal Khan, Dmytro Volyniuk, Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius and Rajneesh Misra

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 2134
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An effective design strategy for thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with aggregation-induced emission to enable sky-blue OLEDs that achieve an EQE of nearly 30%

Hui Dai, Yaohui Liang, Xiang Long, Tianyi Tang, Haozhi Xie, Zhiwei Ma, Gaoyu Li, Zhan Yang, Juan Zhao and Zhenguo Chi

Chem. Sci., 2025, 16, 156
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Effects of the nature of donor substituents on the photophysical and electroluminescence properties of derivatives of perfluorobiphenyl: donor–acceptor versus donor–acceptor–donor type AIEE/TADF emitters

Iryna Danyliv, Yan Danyliv, Mariia Stanitska, Oleksandr Bezvikonnyi, Dmytro Volyniuk, Roman Lytvyn, Yuriy Horak, Vitaly Matulis, Dmitry Lyakhov, Dominik Michels, Pavlo Stakhira and Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 2911
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Improving the external quantum efficiency and minimizing the efficiency roll-off in OLEDs: a study on the optimization of donor linkage and acceptor nitrogen atom positions in TADF emitters

Gyana Prakash Nanda, Rajan Suraksha, Bahadur Sk, Thamodharan Viswanathan and Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13, 14953
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Blue fluorescence emitter based on HLCT and AIE: acidochromism behavior and narrow-band emission in OLED applications

Haoyu Ma, Xiaoling Niu, Wenlong Qu, Zhen Feng, Tiantian Ma, Yongliang Liu and Shengbo Zhu

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13, 16998
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Pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline-based color-tunable thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with AIE characteristics for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes

Pratima Yadav, Sunil Madagyal, Aniket Chaudhari, Gokul Ganesan, Guan-Yu Su, Yi-Ting Chen, Prabhakar Chetti, Chih-Hao Chang, Shantaram Kothavale and Atul Chaskar

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 6297
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Donor position driven excited state modulation in benzoylthiophene–carbazole emitters: divergent TTA/RTP pathways for high efficiency blue-cyan OLEDs

Ajeet Kumar Sharma, Prasannamani Govindharaj, K. R. Justin Thomas and Przemyslaw Data

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2026
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Theoretical design and validation of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-based TADF emitters through donor and linkage variations

Chetan Saini and K. R. Justin Thomas

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13, 9611
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A record-high EQE of 7.65%@3300 cd m−2 achieved in non-doped near-ultraviolet OLEDs based on novel D′–D–A type bipolar fluorophores upon molecular configuration engineering

Haoyuan Qi, Danyu Xie, Zexuan Gao, Shengnan Wang, Ling Peng, Yuchao Liu, Shian Ying, Dongge Ma and Shouke Yan

Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 11053
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Acceptor modification of diindolocarbazole embedded multiple-resonance emitters for efficient narrowband deep-blue OLEDs with CIEy ≤ 0.08 and alleviated efficiency roll-off

Shuxin Wang, Jianping Zhou, Jibiao Jin, Minqiang Mai, Chui-Shan Tsang, Lawrence Yoon Suk Lee, Lian Duan and Wai-Yeung Wong

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 2485
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Ad-Hoc Functionalization of Phenothiazine Dioxide Derivatives to Achieve Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Organic Nanoaggregates

Chiara Montanari, Manju Sheokand, Alessio Cesaretti, Eleonora Calzoni, Rajneesh Misra and Benedetta Carlotti

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2024, 128, 19688
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Non‐Doped Blue AIEgen‐Based OLED with EQE Approaching 10.3 %

Pengbo Han, Chengwei Lin, Erhan Xia, Jiawei Cheng, Qing Xia, Dezhi Yang, Anjun Qin, Dongge Ma and Ben Zhong Tang

Angewandte Chemie, 2023, 135
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Towards efficient blue aggregation-induced emission and delayed fluorescence molecules by locking the skeleton of indolocarbazole derivatives for non-doped OLEDs

J. Wang, Y. Niu, Y. Yang, H. Peng, J. Zhang and C. Yao

Materials Today Chemistry, 2024, 40, 102239
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Synthesis, aggregation-induced emission, and electroluminescence of AIEgen designed on bis-carbazole platform

Chinmay Thakkar, Mahesh Poojary, Ruchita Khade, Arati Gavali, Purav Badani, Sangita Bose and Satyajit Saha

Next Materials, 2024, 3, 100093
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Benzoylfuran- and Thiophene-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Thamodharan Viswanathan, Yu Kusakabe, Upasha Acharyya, Hironori Kaji and Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater., 2024, 2, 2409
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Manipulating excited states for constructing ultraviolet hybridized local and charge transfer fluorophores and non-doped OLEDs with high color purity

Hao Huang, Rui Chen, Shuyao He, Shengnan Wang, Haoyuan Qi, Ling Peng, Yuchao Liu, Shian Ying and Shouke Yan

Dyes and Pigments, 2024, 231, 112420
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Synergistic Enhancement of Nondoped OLED Efficiency with EQE ≈15% in Donor‐π‐Acceptor Based Blue Emitters Featuring Combined AIE‐HLCT Characteristics

Snigdhamayee Rana, Sandhya Rani Nayak, Atthapon Saenubol, Vinich Promarak, Sabita Patel and Sivakumar Vaidyanathan

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Molecular Engineering Modulating the Singlet–Triplet Energy Splitting of Indolocarbazole-Based TADF Emitters Exhibiting AIE Properties for Nondoped Blue OLEDs with EQE of Nearly 20%

Jinshan Wang, Yuguang Yang, Fei Gu, Xuesong Zhai, Chuang Yao, Jianfeng Zhang, Cuifeng Jiang and Xinguo Xi

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 59643
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The Golden Age of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials: Design and Exploitation

John Marques Dos Santos, David Hall, Biju Basumatary, Megan Bryden, Dongyang Chen, Praveen Choudhary, Thomas Comerford, Ettore Crovini, Andrew Danos, Joydip De, Stefan Diesing, Mahni Fatahi, Máire Griffin, Abhishek Kumar Gupta, Hassan Hafeez, Lea Hämmerling, Emily Hanover, Janine Haug, Tabea Heil, Durai Karthik, Shiv Kumar, Oliver Lee, Haoyang Li, Fabien Lucas, Campbell Frank Ross Mackenzie, Aminata Mariko, Tomas Matulaitis, Francis Millward, Yoann Olivier, Quan Qi, Ifor D. W. Samuel, Nidhi Sharma, Changfeng Si, Leander Spierling, Pagidi Sudhakar, Dianming Sun, Eglė Tankelevičiu̅tė, Michele Duarte Tonet, Jingxiang Wang, Tao Wang, Sen Wu, Yan Xu, Le Zhang and Eli Zysman-Colman

Chem. Rev., 2024, 124, 13736
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Polarity- and Pressure-Induced Emission from a Benzophenone-Based Luminophore

Qintao Hu, Pu Zhang, Yunpeng Zhang and Jingwei Sun

Molecules, 2022, 27, 8748
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Aggregation-Induced Emission in Phenothiazine-Based Fluorophores: An Insight into the Excited State and Aggregate Formation Mechanism

Alessio Cesaretti, Tommaso Bianconi, Mariafrancesca Coccimiglio, Nicolò Montegiove, Yogajivan Rout, Pier Luigi Gentili, Rajneesh Misra and Benedetta Carlotti

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2022, 126, 10429
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An effective strategy to achieve efficient white organic light-emitting diodes based on complex molecular design of an alternative novel blue exciplex

Yongan Zhang, Qingxiang Wang, Ru Zhang, Jun Sun, Fankang Kong, Duxu Yan, Jihua Tang, Jintao Wang, Xiaoyu Ma, Liping Yang, Ren Sheng and Ping Chen

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2025, 58, 415110
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Spinner-Shaped Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens for Efficient Blue OLEDs

Jayaraman Jayabharathi, Venugopal Thanikachalam and Jagathratchagan Anudeebhana

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater., 2023, 1, 1721
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A Review of Benzophenone-Based Derivatives for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Dovydas Blazevicius and Saulius Grigalevicius

Nanomaterials, 2024, 14, 356
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Aggregation-induced emission phenanthroline derivatives for ultrahigh color purity deep blue OLEDs with CIEx≤0.15 and CIEy≤0.08 and low efficiency roll-off

Jinshan Wang, Yuguang Yang, Chuang Yao, Jianfeng Zhang, Penggan Xu and Xinguo Xi

Journal of Luminescence, 2023, 259, 119829
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Tuning photophysical properties of bicarbazole-based blue TADF emitters with AIE feature: Trade-off between small singlet-triplet energy splitting and high photoluminescence quantum yield

Jinshan Wang, Yuguang Yang, Penggan Xu, Zihan Cang, Chuang Yao and Xuesong Zhai

Journal of Luminescence, 2023, 263, 120087
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Smart Delayed Fluorescent AIEgens for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes: Mechanism and Adjustable Performance

Changhao Yan and Juechen Ni

Molecules, 2026, 31, 203
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Topology Switch between AIE and ACQ: A Balance of Substituents

Patryk Rybczyński, Tadeusz Muzioł, Anna Kaczmarek-Kȩdziera and Borys Ośmiałowski

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2024, 128, 5651
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Positional Isomerism and Chlorine-Driven Crystal Packing Effects in Acridinium-Based Organic Ionic Pairs for TADF

Veerapandian Vallapandian, Rajaboopathi Mani, Ivo B. Rietveld, Aarifa Muhammed Ashraf and Alagiri Mani

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater., 2025, 3, 2603
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Non‐Doped Blue AIEgen‐Based OLED with EQE Approaching 10.3 %

Pengbo Han, Chengwei Lin, Erhan Xia, Jiawei Cheng, Qing Xia, Dezhi Yang, Anjun Qin, Dongge Ma and Ben Zhong Tang

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62
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Molecular Design Leveraging Non‐Covalent Interactions for Efficient Light‐Emitting Organic Small Molecules

Taehyun Kim, Giwon Shin, Taiho Park and Minjun Kim

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation

Ashish Kumar Mazumdar, Gyana Prakash Nanda, Nisha Yadav, Upasana Deori, Upasha Acharyya, Bahadur Sk and Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2022, 18, 1177
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Dense Local Triplet States and Steric Shielding of a Multi‐Resonance TADF Emitter Enable High‐Performance Deep‐Blue OLEDs

Hyung‐Jin Cheon, Seung‐Je Woo, Seung‐Hyun Baek, Jeong‐Hwan Lee and Yun‐Hi Kim

Advanced Materials, 2022, 34
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Development and characterization of 3-ethylcarbazole-based host materials for high-performance OLED applications

Dovydas Blazevicius, Raminta Beresneviciute, Mantas Kirstukas, Saulius Grigalevicius, Chih-Hung Ko, Cai-Fan Lo and Chih-Hao Chang

Dyes and Pigments, 2026, 251, 113762
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Adjustable and smart AIEgens for nondoped blue and deep blue organic light-emitting diodes

Pengbo Han, Erhan Xia, Anjun Qin and Ben Zhong Tang

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 473, 214843
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From Donor–Donor Exciplex-Forming Interfaces to Detection of an Explosive Compound with Phenylethenyl Derivatives Redefining OLED Efficiency and Extremely High Sensitivity to Picric Acid

Ehsan Ullah Rashid, Monika Cekaviciute, Jurate Simokaitiene, Melika Ghasemi, Dmytro Volyniuk, Khrystyna Ivaniuk, Pavlo Stakhira and Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2025, 7, 3877
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Synthesis of New D–π–A Phenothiazine-Based Fluorescent Dyes: Aggregation Induced Emission and Antibacterial Activity

Mervat S. El-Sedik, Mahmoud Basseem I. Mohamed, Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz and Tarek S. Aysha

J Fluoresc, 2024, 35, 3119
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