Three-dimensional electron diffraction: a powerful structural characterization technique for crystal engineering

Abstract

Understanding crystal structures and behaviors is crucial for constructing and engineering crystalline materials with various properties and functions. Recent advancement in three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) and its application on structural characterizations have expanded single-crystal analysis into nano-sized materials. Herein, we provide an overview on 3D ED, including its development, data collection protocols, and their applications for investigating crystal structures. We focus on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and small-molecule-based organic crystals, and highlight the insights provided by 3D ED such as structure–property relationships, polymorphism, hydrogen bonding, and crystal chirality, which are crucial subjects in crystal engineering. With more and more laboratories setting up 3D ED techniques, we envision that it will not only continue providing critical structural information, but also establish a wide impact on chemistry, materials science and life science.