Application and challenges of organic electrochemical transistors in neuromorphic computing: bionic synapse and multi-mode integration

Shengtao Sun, Zijin You, Yibo Ji, Yiwei Li, Yuguang Feng, Shengzhen Liu, Jin Cao, Yu Liu, Zhaohui Yu and Ti Wu

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13, 19125
DOI: 10.1039/D5TC02381E

Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor device platforms for emerging biosensor application

Siyu Qin, Zeyuan Sun, Simiao Sun, Jeremy Wang, Charleen Rahman, Thomas E. Gartner, Xuanhong Cheng and Elsa Reichmanis

npj Biosensing, 2026, 3
DOI: 10.1038/s44328-025-00072-9

All-solid-state flexible visualization sensor based on sandwich structure and light-induced potential variation

Zheng Wang, Jiayuan Zhu, Ying-Zhuo Shen, Cheng Ma, Hongbo Li, Wei Liu, Xiao-Ya Hu and Qin Xu

Microchim Acta, 2025, 192
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-025-07503-4

Regionally controlled ion-doping of organic electrochemical transistors for computing-memory co-integrated neuromorphic systems

Mancheng Li, Wenjing Zhang, Xinyang Lv, Xiaoci Liang, Mengye Wang, Chen Chen, Chuan Liu and Songjia Han

npj Flex Electron, 2025, 10
DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00511-7

Artificial Intelligence as a Materials-integrated Brain: Revolutionizing Organic Semiconductor Design and Aptamer-OFET Biosensing in the Post-silicon Era

Muhammad Majid and Shanshan Cheng

Chem. Res. Chin. Univ., 2025, 41, 1278
DOI: 10.1007/s40242-025-5203-9

OPECT-smartphone-photothermal imaging multimodal biosensor based on HOF-101@CdS coupled with target induced ion exchange reaction for GTX 1/4 detection

Siyu Wen, Peng Ju, Jingtian Chi, Shanding Zhou, Tiantong Jiang, Huanshun Yin, Fenghua Jiang and Zhiqing Yang

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2026, 447, 138773
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.138773

Functionalized Ionogels with Self-healing Performance: Material Design, Chemistry Aspects, Applications, and Future Prospects

Fatemeh Ahangaran

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 345, 103633
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103633

Optical Charge Trap Memory Based on Graphene/ZnO Heterostructures for Long‐Term Retention and Adaptive Learning

Seungmin Shin, Junhyung Kim, Hyungdoh Lee, Yixuan Dou, Jacob T. Heiden, Seung Eun Lee, Jinwoo Song, Lina Quan, Giulia Tagliabue, Min Seok Jang and Himchan Cho

Adv Elect Materials, 2025
DOI: 10.1002/aelm.202500361

Emerging Gel‐Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Device Design, Engineering, and Applications

Chuanwei Zhi, Jiajun Song, Junxin Chen, Hong Liu, Jin Hu, Zhiyuan Tian, Wai‐Yeung Wong and Feng Yan

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202523411

From Electrostatic Field Modulation to Electrochemical Control: The Evolution of Organic Transistors for Next-Generation Electronics

Hyeok-jin Kwon, Wonbeen Jeong, Heeyoung Park, Yu Kang Song and Jiyoul Lee

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater., 2026, 27, 217
DOI: 10.1007/s42341-025-00691-z

Donor Engineering for High Performance n‐Type OECT Materials with Exceptional Operational Stability

Riqing Ding, Xiage Zhang, Yidan Luan, Meishan Peng, Wantao Chen, Sijing Wang, Shengyao Su, Shunyang Lu, Sang Young Jeong, Han Young Woo, Xugang Guo, Kui Feng and Zi‐Hao Guo

Angewandte Chemie, 2025, 137
DOI: 10.1002/ange.202513182

Fibre-based organic electrochemical transistors: principle, evaluation, and application

Yingying Huang, Zhijun Hu, Shouwen Zhu and Bo Fang

npj Flex Electron, 2025, 9
DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00417-4

Detachable and Reusable: Reinforced π‐Ion Film for Modular Synaptic Reservoir Computing

Gyu Won Woo, Chang Min Lee, Won Woo Lee, Min Ju Jung, Seung Min Lee, Hye Won Lee, Hocheon Yoo, Yong Hee Kim and Eun Kwang Lee

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202506729

Donor Engineering for High Performance n‐Type OECT Materials with Exceptional Operational Stability

Riqing Ding, Xiage Zhang, Yidan Luan, Meishan Peng, Wantao Chen, Sijing Wang, Shengyao Su, Shunyang Lu, Sang Young Jeong, Han Young Woo, Xugang Guo, Kui Feng and Zi‐Hao Guo

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 64
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202513182

Recent Progress in Stretchable Artificial Synapses based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Sangwoo Jung and Yeongjun Lee

J. Flex. Print. Electron., 2025, 4, 55
DOI: 10.56767/jfpe.2025.4.1.55

Biofunctional Interfaces: The Role of Hydrogels in Organic Transistors

Yunhan Niu, Yinan Huang, Xiaosong Chen, Jiajun Song, Zhongwu Wang, Mengxiao Sun and Liqiang Li

Chem. Res. Chin. Univ., 2025, 41, 1387
DOI: 10.1007/s40242-025-5224-4

The Role of Ionic Liquids at the Biological Interfaces in Bioelectronics

Yeong‐sinn Ye, Young Jin Jo, Ji Yeon Oh, Ju Yeon Jeong, Lili Guo and Tae‐il Kim

Advanced Science, 2026
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202514481

Stretchable neuromorphic electronics for future human-integrated intelligence

Tianda Fu, Ruizhe Yang, Max Weires, Junyi Yin, Yifan Liao and Yifan Guo

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf., 2026, 8, 042001
DOI: 10.1088/2631-7990/ae5004

Degassing and doping unlock the longevity code of OECTs

Baoguang Liu, Yuzhe Gu and Yang Li

Sci. China Mater., 2025, 68, 2154
DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3303-3

Organic Bioelectronics: Diversity of Electronics Along with Biosciences

Syed Abdul Moiz, Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh and Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi

Biosensors, 2025, 15, 587
DOI: 10.3390/bios15090587

Technology Roadmap of Bioinspired Computing Hardware

Shuang Wang, Zhiyuan Li, Mengjiao Pei, Qinqi Ren, Ming Deng, Kah-Wee Ang, Alon Ascoli, Sarbajit Banerjee, Michele Bonnin, Yoeri van de Burgt, Bojun Cheng, Leon Chua, Pier Paolo Civalleri, Fernando Corinto, Tie Jun Cui, Saptarshi Das, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Sebastiaan van Dijken, Yijia Fan, Lu Fang, Matteo Farronato, Zi Rui Feng, Emanuele Gemo, Marco Gilli, Sreetosh Goswami, Yuhui He, Chaoran Huang, Qianqian Huang, Cheol Seong Hwang, Daniele Ielmini, Yoon Ho Jang, Zdenka Kuncic, Max Christian Lemme, Can Li, Shi-Jun Liang, Keqin Liu, Shaojie Liu, Jin Luo, Qian Ma, Wolfgang Maass, Piergiulio Mannocci, Ioannis Messaris, Feng Miao, Thomas Mikolajick, Vasilis Ntinas, John Ponis, Themis Prodromakis, Dimitris Prousalis, Qiming Shao, Stefan Slesazeck, John Paul Strachan, Hongwei Tan, Jianshi Tang, Ronald Tetzlaff, Le Phuong Lan Tran, Ilia Valov, Anthony Vorias, Benshan Wang, Jiangjing Wang, Shengbo Wang, Xiaozhe Wang, Yasai Wang, Huaqiang Wu, Qiangfei Xia, Kai Xiao, Zhihua Xiao, Zheshun Xiong, Tengji Xu, Ming-Jay Yang, Yuchao Yang, Yuekun Yang, Wei Zhang and Yang Chai

ACS Nano, 2026, 20, 8102
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c17087

Photopatternable gel electrolytes for stretchable solid-state organic electrochemical transistors

Liqun Tang, Xue Zheng, Mingyuan Sun, Xiaochen Ren, Wei Huang, Long Ye, Chuanfei Guo, Yi-Xuan Wang and Wenping Hu

Sci. China Mater., 2025, 68, 3212
DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3429-x

Progress in the flexible and stretchable epidermal electrodes for wearable ECG monitoring

Junfei Ji, Tong Su, Jipei Lu, Xianglin Gao and Lei Zhang

BMEH, 2025
DOI: 10.70401/bmeh.2025.0004

Gel-Based Ionic Circuits

Hyunjae Yoo, Yun Hyeok Lee, Min-Gyu Lee and Jeong-Yun Sun

Chem. Rev., 2025, 125, 8956
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00245

Ionic–Bionic Interfaces: Advancing Iontronic Strategies for Bioelectronic Sensing and Therapy

Yun Goo Ro, Yoojin Chang, Jeeyoon Kim, Seungjae Lee, Sangyun Na, Cheolhong Park and Hyunhyub Ko

Advanced Science, 2026, 13
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202513985

Fluorinated Amino-acid-doped microarray-based biochemical patches Deciphers in-situ spatiotemporal dynamics amidst intricate Bio-Interfaces

Ru Zhang, Ran Duan, Deqi Yang, Haofan Wu, Bingfang Wang, Zhiqiang Chang, Jing Chen, Jing Dai, Yingying Lv, Yi Liu, Menahem Y. Rotenberg, Dandan Liang, Yi-Han Chen and Yin Fang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 515, 163222
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.163222

Unprocessed Aloe Vera Gel as Quasi-Solid-State Electrolyte for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Getnet Kassahun, Reem El Attar, Mamatimin Abbas and Damien Thuau

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2026, 18, 8520
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c21711

Recent advances in self-healing organic memristors and transistors for neuromorphic and flexible electronics

Sneha Bhise and Tae-Wook Kim

Flex. Print. Electron., 2026, 11, 013001
DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ae3f44

Biosensor classification and microbiological applications: A food science and packaging perspective

Amir Hosseinvand and Mahdi Ghafourivayghan

Journal of Food Engineering, 2026, 408, 112899
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2025.112899

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) based biosensors for the detection of small molecule metabolites

Md Maruf Ahmed, Jiahong Xiang, Dhamodharan Arumugam, Zonish Zeb and Qin Xu

Talanta, 2026, 303, 129487
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129487

Advances in Smart Chromogenic Hydrogel Composites for Next‐Generation Digital Applications

Hana Afshar, Farimah Kamran and Farangis Shahi

Polymers for Advanced Techs, 2025, 36
DOI: 10.1002/pat.70179

Polymer Electrolyte-Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Bioinspired Neuromorphic Computing

Banghua Wu, Lin Gao, Yujie Peng, Changjian Liu, Canghao Xu, Haihong Guo, Yong Huang and Junsheng Yu

Chemosensors, 2025, 13, 428
DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors13120428

Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Neural Sensing: Materials, Devices, and Integration Strategies

Xiaoyan Qian and Zheng Yan

Small Methods, 2026, 10
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501884

Recent advancements in sustainable organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) through green electrochemistry for improved healthcare and environmental monitoring

Jagriti Gupta, Pooja Yadav, Deepika Sherawat, Anita Yadav, Jaydeep Bhattacharya and Ranjita Ghosh Moulick

Discov. Electrochem., 2026, 3
DOI: 10.1007/s44373-026-00113-6