The interaction and regulation of nano-agrochemicals in plant–soil microenvironment systems

Abstract

Pesticides play a crucial role in agricultural production. However, long-term application or overuse of pesticides has led to the development of resistance in target organisms, causing significant damage to ecosystems and non-target species. Nano-agrochemicals (NAs) have shown potential to improve pesticide performance, promote crop growth, and reduce environmental pollution. This review comprehensively summarizes the classification of NAs and their bidirectional interactions with plant systems and soil microenvironments and elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of the “nanoparticle–plant–soil” three-dimensional (3D) network. It provides a theoretical reference for the design of environmentally friendly NAs and their application in sustainable agriculture.