Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanomaterials for foliar applications and soil–water remediation in agriculture: a review

Abstract

Considering the serious issues of global warming and food security, novel technologies are required in agriculture to enhance productivity from the available arable land. Abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, and pollution, have led to considerable agricultural losses. Nanotechnology offers potential solutions for cultivating crops under adverse conditions. This review examines the implications of metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanomaterials in agriculture and their interaction with the plant systems. g-C₃N₄ is a rich source of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and has diverse applications. Elements like C and N are essential for plants to complete their life cycle. Additionally, they play key roles in the physicochemical and microbial dynamics of the soil. The fluorescence property of g-C₃N₄ has been reported to enhance photosynthesis in plants through artificial light harvesting. Photosynthesis influences carbohydrate synthesis and produces more biomass at harvest time. Additionally, g-C₃N₄ activates antioxidant enzymes under plant stress conditions. Owing to the intrinsic properties of g-C₃N₄, it has been identified as a potential candidate for pollutant degradation and associated stress mitigation. The biocompatibility, accumulation in the plant system, and industrial scalability of g-C₃N₄ are discussed in this review. Aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG, 2030) 2, 3, 6, 12, and 13, this review explores the potential of g-C₃N₄ for yield enhancement in agriculture. Additionally, this review serves as a reference to encourage the use of biocompatible g-C₃N₄ in agroecosystems.