Electrochromic-based visualised flexible biosensing platforms: from single device to multifunctional device integration

Abstract

Conventional sensor systems suffer from an inherent limitation in delivering direct visual feedback during the physical-to-electrical signal transduction process, creating a cognitive disconnect between users and functional device interactions. This challenge can be addressed through the development of visualised flexible tactile sensing platforms that embed real-time sensory feedback into interactive interfaces via electrochromic visualisation. This review systematically examines advancements in multimodal integration strategies, particularly the convergence of diverse sensing modalities (e.g. pressure, sweat, temperature, and humidity sensing) with dynamically responsive electrochromic display units. It dissects the material innovations, structural engineering, and mechanistic principles underpinning individual module performance. It also rigorously analyses advanced alignment protocols for heterointegrated systems and critical challenges. The evolution from discrete flexible sensors to multifunctional visualization platforms represents a shift toward interdisciplinary convergence.