Fe2+/Fe3+-Mediated synergistic electrochemical leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries under low voltage: a green chemistry approach

Kenan Zhong, Mengjia Kang, Zhuo Ye, Bicheng Meng, Xueyang Hou, Zhongliang Tian, Kai Yang, Qingjuan Wang and Zhao Fang

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 5531
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A green strategy for selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through a waste graphite-assisted sulfation process

Minyu He, Fagen Zhou, Sohrab Rohani, Charles Q. Jia, Dong Wang, Wenhao Yu, Liumei Teng, Fei Meng, Qingcai Liu and Weizao Liu

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 7991
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Green mechanochemical activation for acid-free recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion battery sulfide residue

He Li, Kaixuan Sun, Yadong Ning, Guangye Wei, Jingkui Qu, Caixia Lv and Zhihui Yu

Green Chem., 2026, 28, 5105
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Efficient separation of the NCM cathode material and Al foil from spent lithium-ion batteries with oxalic acid under mild conditions

Yuzhang Xiao, Zhi Gao, Weihao Lin, Guangyao Yang, Sikai Peng, Yihong Tong, Weiliang Peng, Bin Yuan, Renzong Hu and Wei Min Huang

Mater. Horiz., 2026, 13, 819
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A green and efficient strategy for leaching critical metals from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathodes: modulating the dielectric SiO2 contact-electro-catalytic activity

Man Yang, Shuhao Qin, Youchang Yang, Mingmi Wu, Ting Lei, Yufei Liu and Huiju Shao

Green Chem., 2026, 28, 295
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Ethylene glycol–inorganic solvents for the sustainable recycling of lithium-ion battery cathodes

Anting Ding, Qibin Yan, Zhenjiang Tian, Ming Li, Chuanying Liu and Chengliang Xiao

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 5635
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Sustainable regeneration of cathode active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries by repurposing waste coffee powder

Md. Anik Hasan, Rumana Hossain and Veena Sahajwalla

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 1073
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Emerging green recycling technologies for spent lithium-ion batteries: a comprehensive review integrating and innovating traditional methods

Shenxu Bao, Zhanhao Wang, Wei Ding, Yimin Zhang, Caipeng Liu, Hongwei Zhang, Bo Chen, Chunfu Xin and Kaihua Xu

Green Chem., 2026, 28, 3394
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A green strategy for spent lithium-ion battery recycling via SO2-driven cobalt reduction

Minyu He, Weizao Liu, Wen Cao, Xuewei Lv, Qingcai Liu and Charles Q. Jia

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 14174
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NiFe-LDH featuring controllable ion buffering reservoirs for supercapacitors

Huihui Wang, Haifeng Xu, Hongchao Shi and Xia Cui

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1036, 181657
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Realizing continuous recycling of wasted LCO based on extractants functioning as H+ diffusion pump

Liang Lou, Junkai Xiong, Xinghua Guan, Liankang Ye, Houqiang Shi, Qihui Guo, Lvye Yang and Xiang Ge

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 510, 161792
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Recycling Spent Lithium‐Ion Layered Cathodes: Toward Direct Single‐Crystalline Regeneration Technology

Fanbo Meng, Yuwu Li, Weihao Lin, Jiahe Chen, Yuzhuo Zeng, Yuhao Xia, Bin Yuan, Hao Chen and Renzong Hu

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Recycling spent Li-ion batteries into functional nanomaterials for energy systems

Nesan R.K. Yabesh, Mariyarathinam Vinoth Inbaraj and Govindhan Maduraiveeran

Materials Today Chemistry, 2026, 52, 103432
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Optimization of Recycled a-FePO4/rGO Composites via Thermal Reduction for Enhanced-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Shuchun Hu, Jinde Yu, Hua Chen, Zengbin Lin, Fengchun Zhang, Meiling Guo, Aipeng Zhu and Yin Liu

Materials, 2025, 18, 4850
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Defects as Assets for Upcycling Spent Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Tiyu Jiao, Thangavelu Dhanasekaran, Binglei Jiao, Qiao Zhang, Guiling Wang, Jinxing Chen and Panpan Xu

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2026
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In Situ Forming Asymmetric Gel Polymer Electrolyte Enhances the Performance of High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

Jingjing Liu, Xiao Liu, Xiaowen Chen, Jianjun Zhou, Jinxin Xue, Huijuan Zhao, Chen Wang, Fengquan Liu and Lin Li

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024
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Green closed-loop recycling process for all elements in spent LiMn2O4 cathode materials

Qinglong Sun, Natnael Ghebretatios, Zhidong Chang, Wei Wang, Benard Amakanji Otota, Bin Dong, Jialong Li, Yaqi Wang, Leiying Zhang and Zhiyi Chen

Particuology, 2026, 114, 10
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Enhancing the circular economy of lithium-ion batteries: a data-driven optimisation of leaching efficiency using kernel ridge regression

Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka, Stefan Heinen, Muhammad Sadeghzadeh, Balanand Santhosh, Gifty Sara Rolly, Justyna Łuczak and Gurdial Blugan

Waste Management, 2026, 211, 115286
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From Modification to Regeneration: Synergistic Advances in Olivine LiMnxFe1−xPO4 Cathodes and Closed‐Loop Recycling of Spent LiFePO4

Zhiwei Huang, Shichang Han, Junjun Pang, Junzhe Li, Jian Tao, Shuai Wang and Jie Xu

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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Effect of CuSO4 activation on lepidolite flotation performance using sodium oleate as a collector

Fan Feng, Shuming Wen, Guang Han and Qicheng Feng

Applied Surface Science, 2025, 707, 163635
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Advancing sustainable energy through battery repurposing and micro recycling

Y. Alex, Nidhin Divakaran, Parthasarathy Srinivasan, U.T. Uthappa, Suhail Mubarak, Mamdouh Al-Harthi and Duraisami Dhamodharan

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 141, 119317
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Defects as Assets for Upcycling Spent Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Tiyu Jiao, Thangavelu Dhanasekaran, Binglei Jiao, Qiao Zhang, Guiling Wang, Jinxing Chen and Panpan Xu

Angewandte Chemie, 2026
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Pyrolyzed “Black Mass” Feedstocks and Their Synthetic Proxies Relevant to Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Alexander J. Bologna, Rebecca C. Vincent, Anna Kallistova, Justin A. Mayer, Matthew A. Wright, Clarina R. Dela Cruz, Rui Zhang, Fabian Seeler, Kerstin Schierle-Arndt and Ram Seshadri

ACS Omega, 2025, 10, 25546
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Sulfuric acid aerosol roasting for closed-loop recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathodes

Chengming Du, Yan Li, Hengjun Tai, Wentao Li, Chengzong Li and Tao Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 526, 171338
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Synergistic and efficient leaching of valuable metals from spent NCM cathodes using a novel chlorine-free acidic deep eutectic solvent

Maoting Yu, Chengping Li, Ailin Xu, Bo Li, Yushu Wu, Boyue Dong, Zhaohui Zheng, Jinsong Wang, Yingjie Zhang, Peng Dong, Chongjun Bao and Zhengfu Zhang

Waste Management, 2026, 212, 115355
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Synergic dynamic coordination and differential precipitation for value-gradient separation of Li-Mn/Ni-Co from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yilei Zheng, Hui Shi, Xingyu Hu, Bingzhong Zhang, Xingtong Zhou, Liming Yang, Wei Ren, Penghui Shao and Xubiao Luo

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 87, 105039
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High performance of 5 V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials synthesized from recycled Li2CO3 for sustainable Lithium-Ion batteries

Yi-De Tsai, Ching-Hsiang Hsu, Jia-Hao Hu, Rajan Jose and Chun-Chen Yang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 689, 137221
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Towards a Circular Economy: Comprehensive Insights Into Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Recycling and Utilization

Bin Guan, Junyan Chen, Xindi Shi, Lei Zhu, Tiankui Zhu, Zhongqi Zhuang, Xuehan Hu, Chenyu Zhu, Sikai Zhao, Junjie Gao, Kaiyou Shu, Hongtao Dang, Luyang Zhang, Yuan Li, Luoxin Xu, Wenbo Zeng, Shuai Chen, Linhui Wang, Can Zhu, Jiaming He, Qinghan Xian and Zhen Huang

ChemistrySelect, 2026, 11
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Unlocking the value of copper and aluminum foils from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xufeng Qian, Jingqin Ji, Yanlan Zhao, Shaoqi Zhou and Shengming Xu

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 79, 104309
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Molecularly Tailored Dual‐Function Deep Eutectic Solvent Enhances Spent Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Delamination and Regeneration

Yunpeng Wen, Zihao Zeng, Jiexiang Li, Zeyu Dong, Chao Zhu, Hai Lei, Peng Ge and Yue Yang

Angewandte Chemie, 2026
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Surface interaction and activation mechanism of Pb(NO3)2 in lepidolite flotation

Fan Feng, Shuming Wen, Guang Han and Qicheng Feng

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2025, 725, 137714
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Real-world application of molecularly imprinted TiO2-graphite photocatalysts: Efficient pharmaceutical removal under energy-optimized LED system

Adam Kubiak, Marta Jaruga, Aleksandra Lusina, Tomasz Nazim, Kamila Sobańska, Piotr Pietrzyk and Michał Cegłowski

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2025, 69, 106894
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Spent NCM111 Cathode Material as a Catalyst for Oxidative Cleavage of β‐O‐4 Linkage in Lignin

Puyi Lei, Jiaxi Bai, Peng Zhou, Kuangjia Tian, Yi Liang, Qian Zhao, Lili Yang, Jiali Zhang, Wenzhuo Shen, Min Zhong and Shouwu Guo

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Synergy of TiO2 and polydopamine dual coating of recycled photovoltaic silicon waste enables superior-performance silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Long Chen, Le-Qing Fan, Fei-Fei Deng, Li-Na Wang, Xin-Yuan Song, Xiao-Tong Zhu, Fu-Da Yu, Yun-Fang Huang and Ji-Huai Wu

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 538, 146997
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Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes to Multimetallic Phosphides for High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Yaping Wang, Yixin Zhou, Mingfei Chen, Li Wang and Yifang Zhang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 2477
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Spent zinc batteries: a pathway to Sustainable ZnMn2O4/C supercapacitors electrode

Aya Mohamed Abuelftooh, S. S. Mahmoud, S. Y. Ahmed, Sayed Y. Attia and Saad G. Mohamed

Carbon Lett., 2025, 35, 1363
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Direct Recycling of Retired Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Emerging Methods for Sustainable Reuse

Zhiying Lai, Jun Long, Yong Lu, Fenqiang Luo, Lingxing Zeng, Wenbin Lai, Yixin Li, Qingrong Qian, Qinghua Chen, Kai Zhang, Zhenhua Yan and Jun Chen

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
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Green Upcycling Strategy for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: One-Step Coupling of Fluoridation Inhibition and Lattice Stabilization

Yinhai Liu, Binglei Jiao, Beikai Zhang, Xingyu Guo, Liang Zhang, Guiling Wang, Jinxing Chen, Jiadong Yu, Panpan Xu and Qiao Zhang

ACS Nano, 2026, 20, 2830
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Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Regenerated LiCoO2 Cathode via LiMgPO4 Coating and Mg Doping

Xiaochen Liu, Zeqiang Zheng, Dong Xie, Zhenya Liu, Qiuqi Li, Shoushan Wang, Shilei Xie and Faliang Cheng

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 7598
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Spent Lithium-ion Battery Recycling: the Thermodynamics and Kinetics Process of NCM Cathode Materials Reduced with Hazelnut Shells Via the Coats-Redfern Method

Wen-bo Lou, Shu-han Zhang, Ya-nan Sun, Da Zhao, De-an Fang, Hong-hui Liu and Dong-yan Liu

Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2026
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Deep eutectic solvents and eutectic molten salts for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

Xinyu Dai, Mingze Li, Linqing Li, Ran Bi and Lei Zhang

Materials Today Energy, 2026, 56, 102205
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Metallothermic reduction strategy for selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xiaohong Zheng, Shaojun Luo, Weiguang Lv, Mingming He, Yue Wang, Hancheng Ou, Fangbin Liu, ChangWei Dai, Zhaohui Huang and Zhi Sun

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 134, 118176
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Universal and Normalized Regeneration of Heterogeneous Spent LiFePO4 via Mechanochemical Delithiation and Flash Relithiation

Yaduo Song, Hao Zhang, Sanqi Guo, Cheng Lin, Junyi Lian, Xin Hu, Jinming Guo, Dinggen Li, Minglei Cao, Zhiqiang Wang, Jinyu Wen, Yunhui Huang, Jia Xie and Yonggang Yao

Energy & Environ Materials, 2026
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Stabilizing Spent LiCoO2 Through Interface Construction: A Sustainable Route to High‐Performance Cathode Regeneration

Zhiyao Wang, Zhangyue Wei, Shenghe Zhang, Shuaiqi Gong, Yulin Min, Hexing Li and Penghui Shi

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Electrodialysis and electrolysis for efficient and sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Guangzhong Cao, Kaichen Zhang, Xiao Liu, Shiyi Zhang, Chenxiao Jiang and Tongwen Xu

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2025, 86, 45
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Recent advances in sustainable reductive roasting for spent lithium-ion batteries recycling

Yafei Shen and Shuping Zhang

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 79, 104358
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Low-energy upcycling of spent graphite into high-F/C-ratio cathode for Li/CF batteries

Hongwei Cai, Hao Luo, Yukun Li, Shuzhe Yang, Zhiwei Lin, Cong Li, Jiaqin Yang, Yan Zou, Ke Yan, Jianming Zheng, Tiefeng Liu, Hongjun Yue and Mi Lu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 376, 134004
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Enhancing the direct regeneration of spent NCM523 with eutectic molten salt through mechanochemistry-mediated surface restructuring

Junyi Wang, Aung Thit Htun, Zhiwei Wang, Qi Zhao and Kaimin Shih

Green Chemical Engineering, 2026
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Molecularly Tailored Dual‐Function Deep Eutectic Solvent Enhances Spent Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Delamination and Regeneration

Yunpeng Wen, Zihao Zeng, Jiexiang Li, Zeyu Dong, Chao Zhu, Hai Lei, Peng Ge and Yue Yang

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2026
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Upcycling of Degraded Prussian Blue into Layered Materials for Sodium-Ion Battery

Weng-Lam Wong, Jiahui Xu, Yun Zhao, Yadong Wang, Hao Du, Junhao Zhang, Yuqiong Kang, Yuqing Chen, Feiyu Kang and Baohua Li

Research, 2025, 8
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Ion-pair-induced self-assembly of a bi-functional collector for highly selective flotation of lepidolite from refractory slimes

Wenfeng Pan, Jiangfeng Guo, Yongbing Zhang, Chang Liu and Hepeng Zhou

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2026, 554, 148122
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Zn-doped Mn₃O₄ with lattice distortion as flexible cathode for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor

Shengjuan Li, Qian He, Fengyan Gao, Henghan Liu, Huifeng Gao, Yuhua Xue and Lei Li

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1010, 177895
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Electrochemical energy storage systems: A review of types/functionalities, management systems and integration for real-life applications

Li-hua Ye, Josephine Baffoe, Eliasu Issaka, Yefan Shi, Hao Chen, Ai-ping Shi and Muhammad Muzamal Ashfaq

Next Research, 2025, 2, 100936
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Separation and Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries for Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review

Silong Liu, Qun Li, Chenyang Lu, Luxi Tan, Dong Xia, Lichun Dong and Cailong Zhou

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2024, 63, 13945
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Glucose-assisted hydrothermal targeted repair of Fe-Li anti-site defects and performance regeneration of spent LiFePO4

Jun Cong, Shaohua Luo, Xin Liu and Yikai Wang

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2026, 1056, 186569
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Biomass-assisted vacuum ex-situ reduction process: Realizing the selective recovery and closed-loop utilization of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yangyue Wei, Xueliang Guo, Xinyang Chen, Yongxian Long, Yifei Ma, Yanqin Huang and Qiang Lu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 531, 173957
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A comprehensive review on the recovery of lithium from lithium-ion batteries and spodumene

Asad Ali, Sadia Afrin, Abdul Hannan Asif, Yasir Arafat and Muhammad Rizwan Azhar

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 391, 126512
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Dissociation mechanisms of spent lithium-ion batteries cathode structure by typical reducing components (CO, CH4 and H2) in biomass pyrolysis gas

Yangyue Wei, Chenzhou Wang, Xinyang Chen, Mingjin Wang, Yutong Liu, Yanqin Huang and Qiang Lu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2026, 380, 135375
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Recent advances in green deep eutectic solvents for lithium-ion battery recycling: A perspective on bibliometric analysis

Renyin Cui, Yuhui Ran, Datao Shu, Qing Huang, Qingbin Song, Haixiang Wang, Jianming Zhu and Wenyi Yuan

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 377, 124670
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H₂-rich syngas from synergistic steam gasification of biomass with spent LIB cathodes: Catalytic kinetics and metal recovery

Ran Jiao, Lijie Sun, Bowen Li, Xinran Zhou, Yifei Xu, Yu Chen, Fenglei Qi, Xiaohao Liu, Rui Diao, Zhenting Zha and Peiyong Ma

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 531, 174013
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Designing principles of deep eutectic solvents for sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Shangqing Chen, Yaqi Zhang, Fanpeng Cheng, Yi Huang, Liwei Cheng, Huijuan Guo, Junfeng Wang, Lijuan Shi and Qun Yi

Applied Energy, 2025, 401, 126723
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Selective Lithium Leaching from Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery Black Powder: Synergistic Mechanism of Carbothermal Activation and Acidity Regulation

Bin Man, Yuxiang Chi, Junjie Tang, Yuan Sun, Yizhou Zhou, Yuzhe Liu and Yusheng Wu

J. Sustain. Metall., 2026, 12, 789
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Simultaneous Nb5+‐Driven Defect Repair and Oxygen Stabilization of Spent LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2 Toward High‐Voltage and Fast‐Charging Cathode

Tao Zhang, Xiang Long, Lechuan Liu, Yuanhang Gao, Zuoyu Qin, Ning Zhang, Xiaoming Yuan, Cao Guan and Gen Chen

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Promising Pre-Lithiation Agent Li2C2O4@KB for High-Performance NCM622 Cell

Boqun Xia, Guangwan Zhang, Feng Tao and Meng Huang

Materials, 2025, 18, 4467
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