Recent advances in hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors for harsh environment applications

Miaoyu Li, Jie Pu, Qinghe Cao, Wenbo Zhao, Yong Gao, Ting Meng, Jipeng Chen and Cao Guan

Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 17799
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Highly elastic, frost-resistant and antimicrobial flexible sensor inspired by ramen noodles for human motion detection and deep learning of handwritten content

Zhenchun Li, Peng Liu, Shaowei Chen, Shiyuan Liu, Bingzhen Wang, Enyuan Cui, Xiangyu Li, Yunwu Yu, Wenhao Pan, Yaxin Gu and Yunxue Liu

Microchemical Journal, 2024, 196, 109614
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Exploring the Ionic Mechanochemical Coupling Effects in the Swelling Behavior of Hydrogels Based on the Interaction Parameter

Ziyu Xing

J of Applied Polymer Sci, 2025, 142
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High Sensitivity, Wide Response Pressure Sensor by Bioinspired Structure

Shiyu Dong, Guohua Wang, Jun Nie and Xiaoqun Zhu

Macro Chemistry & Physics, 2025, 226
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Multiperformance PAM/PVA/CaCO3 Hydrogel for Flexible Sensing and Information Encryption

Lisha Pu, Zhiang Yuan, Yuting Cai, Xusheng Li, Zhongxin Xue, Yuzhong Niu, Yan Li, Songmei Ma and Wenlong Xu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 32762
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Highly Stretchable Sensitive Multiscale Hydrogel Inspired by Biological Muscles for Wearing Sensors

Wenhui Zhao, Yao Li, Jing Tian, Qinqin Cui, Chenyang Tang, Fawen Yin, Longquan Xu, Sheng Cheng and Xu Fei

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 58313
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Synergic enhancement of hydrogel upon multi-level hydrogen bonds via macromolecular design for dual-mode electronic skin

Fei Wang, Xue Yu, Zanxia Cao, Yong Liu, Xubao Jiang and Xiangling Gu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 489, 151249
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Double‐Network Organohydrogels Toughened by Solvent Exchange

Jianan Li, Xue Cheng, Bingbing He, Longhui Li, Huan Zhang, Jie Ju and Xi Yao

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2024, 45
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Preparation of Gradient HEA‐DAC/HPA Hydrogels by Limited Domain Swelling Method

Shiyu Dong, Guoqiang Lu, Guohua Wang, Keqiang Wang, Ruifen Tang, Jun Nie and Xiaoqun Zhu

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2025, 46
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Hydrogels with high sacrifice efficiency of sacrificial bonds and with high strength and toughness due to dense entanglements of polymer chains

Ruixin Zhu, Zhen Zheng, Dandan Zhu and Xinling Wang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 677, 687
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Synergistic rigid-flexible dual-network hydrogel with robust absorbency and anti-freezing property

Jialve Zhang, Yanli Shi, Zhengyue Wu, Xvbo Zhang, Yujing Zhang, Picheng Chen, Chuanhui Gao, Yumin Wu and Yuetao Liu

Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2026, 220, 106623
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A self-healing and environmental stable fully physical crosslinked double-network ion hydrogel sensor

Yuan Zhao, Yafei Liu, Qiong Shang and Huixia Feng

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol, 2024, 111, 806
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Sturdy and conductive polyacrylamide/sodium alginate dual-network hydrogels improved via refreezing assisted metal complexation strategy for flexible sensors

Ying Wei, Shuangqing Li, Xinyuan Zhang, Xinyi Ge, Xiuling Dong, Qingguo Zhang, Zheng Xing and Zhong-Xia Wang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 308, 142703
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Enhancement and mechanism of mechanical properties and functionalities of polyacrylamide/polyacrylic acid hydrogels by 1D and 2D nanocarbon

Xinmeng Zhang, Yuanyuan Yao, Yu Wu, Wenjing Liu, Xunwei Wang, Peizhong Feng, Jianming Zhang, Wu Hu and Erdong Shang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 679, 79
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A constitutive model for slidable cross-links mediated dual cross-linked polymers to understand coupling and hysteresis of dual cross-links

Ziyu Xing

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2025, 663, 130458
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Silver ion-catalysis synthesized protein imprinted polyacrylamide/calcium alginate hydrogel film with high adsorption, recognition, and antibacterial properties

Yixin Li, Yuansheng Lin, Zhihui Han, Minglin Wang, Xianmei Ma, Congcong Liu, Zhilong Guo, Kongyin Zhao and Bohong Kan

Front. Mater. Sci., 2025, 19
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Ultrasoft, anti-dehydrated, and highly stretchable carboxymethylcellulose-based organohydrogel strain sensors for non-invasive real-time plant growth monitoring

Lina Wang, Wenna Chen, Hai Li, Xinye Xu, Zhilin Zhang, Lidong Wu, Jingkun Xu, Yao Huang and Baoyang Lu

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 364, 123753
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Advancements in polyacrylamide gel electrolytes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: High conductivity, anti-freezing, and self-healing

Tao Li, Hang Shu, Jiating Liu, Jiawei Lu, Xizhi Liao, Aokui Sun and Yi Chen

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 131, 117477
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High toughness and strong electromagnetic shielding properties of PAM/PEG dual network hydrogels

Kunlan Diao, Yuhuan Xu, Jingyu Du, Teng Zhou, Xiao Zhan, Daohai Zhang, Xiaosi Qi and Shuhao Qin

Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2025, 32, 747
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Hydrogel fabrication techniques for advanced artificial sensory systems

Wonhee Gong, Jeongyeon Kim, Chaeyoon Kim, Hyewon Chang, Yejin Ahn, David V Schaffer and Jieung Baek

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf., 2025, 7, 062002
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DLP Printing Eutectic Gels Crosslinked by Dopamine‐Grafted Nano‐Cellulose for Flexible Wearable Devices

Xia Du, Xiaomin Zhang, Zhuang Zhao, Youjie Rong, Pengdi Cui and Xiaobo Huang

Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 63, 998
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Tough and Fast‐Responding Fe3+‐Coordinated Poly (Acrylic Acid ‐N‐Isopropyl Acrylamide) Shape Memory Hydrogels

Tao Du, Yujiao Zhao, Tao Cui, Yunpeng Qi, Patiman Abudu, Jianbing Song and Bate Nasen

Adv Materials Technologies, 2025, 10
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3D printing functional materials with extreme regulation of mechanical performances from hydrogel to engineering plastic

Di Liu, Yang Lyu, Zhengwei Lin, Zhongying Ji, Xiaolong Wang and Xinyan Shi

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 512, 162310
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A pseudo-compressible dual 4-chain model of polymer networks for exploring rubber elasticity

Ziyu Xing

International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 2025, 175, 105122
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Ultrasensitive and Breathable Hydrogel Fiber‐Based Strain Sensors Enabled by Customized Crack Design for Wireless Sign Language Recognition

Dijie Yao, Weiyan Wang, Hao Wang, Yibing Luo, Haojun Ding, Yiqun Gu, Hongjing Wu, Kai Tao, Bo‐Ru Yang, Shaowu Pan, Jun Fu, Fengwei Huo and Jin Wu

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Enhanced mechanical strength and stretchable ionic conductive hydrogel with double-network structure for wearable strain sensing and energy harvesting

Kangkang Ou, Mengting Wang, Chen Meng, Kainan Guo, Nahid Shariar Emon, Jinyi Li, Kun Qi, Yunling Dai and Baoxiu Wang

Composites Science and Technology, 2024, 255, 110732
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Opal photonic crystal double‐network hydrogel for visual detection through structural color and fluorescent responsiveness

Hanlin Lv, Wan Zheng, Yuhang Wang, Zhengsheng Hu, Yanjun Chen and Yifeng Wang

J of Applied Polymer Sci, 2024, 141
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High tough, self‐adhesive, conductive double network hydrogel for flexible strain sensors

Feihong Li, Peng Liu, Xiangyu Li, Yuanyuan Bi, Changxiu Chen, Hanzhi Zhang, Yuanhang Li, Yunwu Yu, Yaxin Gu and Ning Tang

Journal of Polymer Science, 2024, 62, 4165
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Bimetallic Fe/Co-MOF dispersed in a PVA/chitosan multi-matrix hydrogel as a flexible sensor for the detection of lactic acid in sweat samples

Gopika Mukundan, Manaswini Ravipati and Sushmee Badhulika

Microchim Acta, 2024, 191
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06687-5

MXene sheets surface constructed a strong hydrogel coating for sustainable oily wastewater separation

Xuan Long, Yijian Zheng, Jun Hu, Wenjie Luo, Kai Han and Feipeng Jiao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 482, 148971
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Simple and Rapid Way to a Multifunctionally Conductive Hydrogel for Wearable Strain Sensors

Gan Miao, Lide Xu, Fangchao Li, Xiao Miao, Zhiqiang Hou, Ting Xu, Guina Ren, Xiaoyang Yang, Jianxun Qiu and Xiaotao Zhu

Langmuir, 2023, 39, 10530
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01068

Precision Calcination Mechanism of CaCO3 to High‐Porosity Nanoscale CaO CO2 Sorbent Revealed by Direct In Situ Observations

Jenny Martinez, Jenna L. Wardini, Xueli Zheng, Lauren Moghimi, Jason Rakowsky, Jonathan Means, Huiming Guo, Ivan Kuzmenko, Jan Ilavsky, Fan Zhang, Pratik P. Dholabhai, Leora Dresselhaus‐Marais and William J. Bowman

Adv Materials Inter, 2024, 11
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Advanced Lignin‐Based Hydrogels with Superior Stiffness, Toughness, and Sensing Capabilities

Xinhong Li, Xiangyu You, Xuelian Wang, Jia Kang and Hui Jie Zhang

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Self‐Powered Ultra‐Stretchable Organo‐Hydrogel Sensors with Excellent Stability Based on a Solvent Replacement Strategy

Wei Gao, Ting Xie, Wei Tang, Fangyan Ou, Fuqi Wang, Liang Tuo, Chuang Ning, Wenyu Pan, Guanlin Liu and Zequan Li

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Functional Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Smart Electronic Devices: Strategies and Recent Progress

Tao Du, Zhihui Zhu, Mianwei Chen, Xiuling Yan and Yao Li

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2024
DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.4c00156

High-Strength, Freeze-Resistant, Recyclable, and Biodegradable Polyvinyl Alcohol/Glycol/Wheat Protein Complex Organohydrogel for Wearable Sensing Devices

Zhenchun Li, Peng Liu, Shaowei Chen, Shiyuan Liu, Yunwu Yu, Wenhao Pan, Tianwei Li, Ning Tang and Yanfeng Fang

Biomacromolecules, 2023, 24, 3557
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00321

Multiperformance Fully Physically Cross-Linked Organogel for All-Climate Wireless Human Motion Sensors and Water Writing Paper

Yang Gao, Mingjun Yu, Tao Wang and Zhiping Peng

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2024, 6, 12808
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c02474

Fabrication and sensing performance of green flexible humidity sensors based on composite of sodium alginate and graphene oxide with potential application in smart agriculture

Huizhen Chen, Xiaodong Huang and Yang Li

Surfaces and Interfaces, 2025, 72, 107288
DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107288

Highly Sensitive and Oxidation Resistance Polyacrylic/Polyacrylamide Hydrogel for Multifunctional Flexible Sensors

Xinmeng Zhang, Yifei Ma and Peizhong Feng

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2025, 7, 11128
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.5c01628

Phytic Acid-Enhanced Superstretched, Self-Adhesive, Antifreeze Conductive Hydrogels for Motion Monitoring and Human–Computer Interaction

Yuerui Li, Min Guo, Yifei Gao, Chunxia Zhao, Jialin Liao, Yuxing Li, Jinbo Cheng, Hui Li, Dong Xiang, Haoran Huang and Yuanpeng Wu

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2025, 7, 7395
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Amphibious Polymer Materials with High Strength and Superb Toughness in Various Aquatic and Atmospheric Environments

Hongbo Wan, Baohu Wu, Lei Hou and Peiyi Wu

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
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An associative rheological model for the glass transition of glassy hydrogels undergoing bound and confined interactions

Ziyu Xing

Polymer International, 2025, 74, 727
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Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior

Mohsen Saeidi, Hossein Chenani, Mina Orouji, MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz, Nafiseh Bolghanabadi, Shaghayegh Vakili, Zahra Mohamadnia, Amir Hatamie and Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi

Biosensors, 2023, 13, 823
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A skin-mimicking multifunctional hydrogel via hierarchical, reversible noncovalent interactions

Xingkui Guo, Songlin Zhang, Shubham Patel, Xiaolu Sun, You-Liang Zhu, Zechang Wei, Rongguo Wang, Xiaodong He, Zuankai Wang, Cunjiang Yu and Swee Ching Tan

Sci. Adv., 2025, 11
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Tough, stretchable dual-network liquid metal-based hydrogel toward high-performance intelligent on-off electromagnetic interference shielding, human motion detection and self-powered application

Hongtao Guo, Yuyang Shi, Fei Pan, Shuhuai Zheng, Xiaoli Chai, Yang Yang, Haojie Jiang, Xiao Wang, Lixin Li, Zhen Xiu, Jingli Wang and Wei Lu

Nano Energy, 2023, 114, 108678
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Performance Evaluation of Self‐Degradable Gel Temporary Plugging Agents for Pressurized Workover

Deji Liu, Chao Chen, Xiaohui Li, Ying Wang, Li Cheng, Shoumin Sun and Jiayi Tan

Energy Science & Engineering, 2025, 13, 1555
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Fracture-adaptive sealing via in situ thermal-curing double-network hydrogel for transformative wellbore stabilization

Mengzhe Wang, Yinghui An, Wenjing Qin, Mingyi Guo and Huanyu Zhao

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2025, 727, 138447
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Using chitosan nanofibers to simultaneously improve the toughness and sensing performance of chitosan-based ionic conductive hydrogels

Xueyan Wang, Bingyan Wang, Wenxia Liu, Dehai Yu, Zhaoping Song, Guodong Li, Xiaona Liu, Huili Wang and Shaohua Ge

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 260, 129272
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Robust and low swelling polyacrylamide/sodium alginate dual-network hydrogels via multiple freezing strategy toward amphibious motion sensors

Shuangqing Li, Xinyi Ge, Zhenhai Zhong, Xiuling Dong, Zheng Xing, Ying Wei and Qingguo Zhang

Polymer, 2024, 315, 127850
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Skin somatosensory system inspired gelatin-based organohydrogel electronic skin for infant hazard alarms

Yubin Feng, Yukai Guo, Weihang Zhu, Xinting Yang, Chenke Wei, Zhe Yang, Andrew K. Whittaker, Chun Shen, Yue Zhao, Bai Yang and Quan Lin

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 308, 142279
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Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Conductive Hydrogel Dressings for Refractory Wounds Monitoring

Yumo She, He Liu, Hailiang Yuan, Yiqi Li, Xunjie Liu, Ruonan Liu, Mengyao Wang, Tingting Wang, Lina Wang, Meihan Liu, Wenyu Wan, Ye Tian and Kai Zhang

Nano-Micro Lett., 2025, 17
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