Themed collection Green Chemistry Reviews
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Formate as a key intermediate in CO2 utilization
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) presents a great opportunity. CO2 can be electrocatalytically converted to formate. The subsequent formate to oxalate coupling reaction (FOCR), which has been studied for two centuries, is critically discussed.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8227-8258
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02220F
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Status and gaps toward fossil-free sustainable chemical production
Chemical industry needs and gaps regarding its transformation to fossil-free production to meet the targets for net-zero emissions by the year 2050 are presented.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7305-7331
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01572B
Bio-based 1,4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran synthesis: perspective
Bio-based 1,4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran synthesis.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6450-6466
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02271K
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Materials from waste plastics for CO2 capture and utilisation
Herein, we consider the possibility and future prospects of using waste plastic feedstock as an overlooked resource to develop polymeric adsorbents, metal–organic frameworks and porous carbon materials for CO2 capture and utilization.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6086-6099
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02306G
A case study in green chemistry: the reduction of hazardous solvents in an industrial R&D environment
A two-year collective effort towards the reduction by 50% of the usage of 7 hazardous solvents (Green Chemistry Principle #5) within a large-scale industrial R&D organization.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3943-3956
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00698G
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A perspective on developing solid-phase extraction technologies for industrial-scale critical materials recovery
Solid-phase extraction offers numerous advantages for critical materials recovery, and research in the field would benefit from increased focus on environmental impact, techno-economic assessments, and process scalability with real-world resources.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 2752-2765
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00347C
Design strategies of phosphorus-containing catalysts for photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical and electrocatalytic water splitting
The innovational strategies to design P-containing catalysts with enhanced photo-/electro-catalytic water splitting activity are reviewed with respect to phase modifying, foreign elements introducing, morphology tailoring and interface engineering.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 713-747
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03768D
Sustainable approaches for the study of alkaloids from plants using supercritical fluid-based processes
Plant alkaloids are natural secondary metabolites that have attracted great interest in the development of drugs for therapeutic applications due to their diverse bioactivities.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 9450-9474
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01916G
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Chemical recycling of bioplastics: technical opportunities to preserve chemical functionality as path towards a circular economy
We herein present a detailed overview of recycling techniques for common bioplastics including a detailed evaluation by life cycle assessment.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 9428-9449
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02244C
Latest trends in the large-scale production of MOFs in accordance with the principles of green chemistry
The review provides information on the latest methods for the synthesis of MOFs in line with green chemistry principles on an industrial scale.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 9402-9427
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC03264C
A review on catalysts for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of N2 to ammonia
This review highlights the recent progress of photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for the synthesis of NH3 from N2. It is expected to provide a reference for the development of new processes that can produce high value-added chemicals.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 9003-9026
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC03174D
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Expanding plastics recycling technologies: chemical aspects, technology status and challenges
This paper reviewed the entire life cycle of plastics and options for the management of plastic waste to address barriers to industrial chemical recycling and further provide perceptions on possible opportunities with such materials.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8899-9002
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02588D
Short-process synthetic strategies of sustainable isohexide-based polyesters towards higher molecular weight and commercial applicability
Different short-process synthetic strategies, the influential factors for polymerization efficiency and the key catalytic systems of isohexide-based polyesters are discussed.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8637-8670
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02608B
Thermokinetics of production of biochar from crop residues: an overview
Thermokinetics of Biochar production.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7801-7817
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02631G
Recent developments in electrode materials for the selective upgrade of biomass-derived platform molecules into high-value-added chemicals and fuels
The electrocatalytic upgrade of biomass-derived platform molecules (alcohols, furans and carboxylic acids) into high-value-added chemicals and fuels is expected to compensate for traditional organic synthesis based on nonrenewable fossil resources.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7818-7868
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02956A
Comprehensive review on pre-treatment of native, crystalline chitin using non-toxic and mechanical processes in preparation for biomaterial applications
Chitin forms an intricate and exceptionally stable 3D network in crustacean cuticles. Dissolution of purified chitin without derivatization or damage to its native structure is challenging and recent advances are presented in this review.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6790-6809
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01968J
Recent advances in the oxidative esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to furan-2,5-dimethylcarboxylate
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as an important versatile compound derived from renewable biomass has gained great significance in both industry and academia.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6782-6789
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01772E
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Cyrene: a bio-based novel and sustainable solvent for organic synthesis
This review highlights the use of Cyrene as an alternative green solvent in organic synthesis.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6435-6449
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02332F
Toward cleaner production of nanocellulose: a review and evaluation
Nanocellulose has become a hotspot in the field of green and sustainable materials. The research status of nanocellulose in cleaner production and its environmental assessments were reviewed.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6406-6434
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01669A
Graphdiyne-based photocatalysts for solar fuel production
This review summarizes the structure, properties, synthesis, and characterization of graphdiyne and outlines the applications of graphdiyne-based photocatalysts for solar fuel production, including H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and N2 fixation.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5739-5754
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01684B
Amine-based pretreatments for lignocellulose fractionation and lignin valorization: a review
The increasing demand for sustainable bioproducts as alternatives to fossil-based resources requires unremitting endeavor for the advancement of lignocellulose valorization.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5460-5478
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01423H
Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents and their applications
Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvent (SUPRADES) – another milestone towards Green Chemistry.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5035-5045
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00906D
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A second life for fruit and vegetable waste: a review on bioplastic films and coatings for potential food protection applications
Circular economy approach for various agrowaste-based bioplastic and biocomposite systems with potential applications in the protection of food products and extension of their shelf life.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4703-4727
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03904K
Synthesis of two-dimensional ultrathin photocatalytic materials towards a more sustainable environment
The latest progress in 2D ultrathin nanomaterials used for photocatalysis has been summarized from a sustainable synthesis perspective. Various synthetic strategies and approaches have been discussed and compared.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4728-4741
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00608A
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Pyrolytic lignin: a promising biorefinery feedstock for the production of fuels and valuable chemicals
Pyrolysis oil from lignocellulosic biomass can be fractionated into a lignin and sugar fraction. We here provide a review on the structure, properties, depolymerisation strategies and applications for pyrolytic lignin in the framework of a biorefinery.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4680-4702
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00302C
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Semi-continuous and continuous processes for enantiomeric separation
This review covers continuous preferential crystallization, membrane separation, chromatography, and other techniques identifying the environmental impact and highlighting what should be considered in future development.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4328-4362
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03668H
Waste-to-wealth transition: application of natural waste materials as sustainable catalysts in multicomponent reactions
Application of natural waste materials as sustainable catalysts in multicomponent reactions.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4304-4327
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00704E
Biobased covalent adaptable networks: towards better sustainability of thermosets
Thermosets have many advantages such as excellent mechanical properties, dimensional stability and environmental resistance, but suffer from unsustainability because they are difficult to recycle and overdependent on petroleum chemicals.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4363-4387
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01325H
Research progress on the role of common metal catalysts in biomass pyrolysis: a state-of-the-art review
This review is dedicated to investigating the catalytic properties and mechanism of single and multi-metals in biomass pyrolysis.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3922-3942
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04537G
Polyphenolic sunscreens for photoprotection
This paper strives to summarize the recent advances and current highlights of photoprotective polyphenolic sunscreens including structural and functional relationships, design principle, UV-protection mechanism and evaluation system.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3605-3622
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04828G
Catalytic production of long-chain hydrocarbons suitable for jet-fuel use from fermentation-derived oxygenates
Heterogeneous catalytic technology facilitates the production of sustainable aviation fuels from biomass via fermentation-derived oxygenates.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3461-3474
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00619G
Synthesis of porous poly(ionic liquid)s for chemical CO2 fixation with epoxides
Porous poly(ionic liquid)s, combining the features of porous polymers and ionic moieties resembling the structures and functions of ionic liquids, have exhibited promising potential in CO2 fixation via cycloadditions with epoxides.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3433-3460
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00324D
Elemental phosphorus for recent sustainable processes: rules and strategies in preparation and applications
This review has summarized the recent advances about rules and strategies in the preparation and applications of crystalline elemental phosphorus in several highly concerned sustainable processes.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3475-3501
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00727D
Spinel-based catalysts for the biomass valorisation of platform molecules via oxidative and reductive transformations
The utilization of spinel-based heterogeneous catalysts to valorize renewable lignocellulosic biomass to value-added chemicals/fuels is an efficient strategy from green and sustainable chemistry perspectives.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3574-3604
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04592J
A review on the synthesis and applications of sustainable copper-based nanomaterials
A comprehensive review of the synthesis and applications of Cu and Cu-based nanomaterials. A variety of applications including organic reactions, photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and sensors have been included.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 3502-3573
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04400A
Single-atom catalysts for the upgrading of biomass-derived molecules: an overview of their preparation, properties and applications
Developing more efficient and greener catalytic strategies for upgrading biomass to value-added chemicals and fuels is crucial for a more sustainable future. Recently, single-atom catalysts have played an important role in this mission.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 2722-2751
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03809E
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Electrospinning based on benign solvents: current definitions, implications and strategies
A building block approach, using a variety of benign solvent compositions and additives, offers a continuously developing strategy to render solvent-based electrospinning increasingly sustainable for the generation of polymer nanofibers.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 2347-2375
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04252A
Chemically recyclable polymer materials: polymerization and depolymerization cycles
In this review, we aim to summarize strategies for achieving the polymerization–depolymerization cycle to access chemically recyclable polymers and highlight the current studies in this rapidly growing and promising area.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 2321-2346
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03901F
Sustainable C–H functionalization under ball-milling, microwave-irradiation and aqueous media
This tutorial review gathers landmark work on transition-metal mediated C–H activation reactions using more sustainable approaches. We endeavour to promote and propagate such lines of research, reducing the usage of hazardous synthetic routes in chemical synthesis.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 2296-2320
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04530J
Catalytic processes for the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO2 and methanol: a review
The present review aims to discuss strategies that have been recently explored by researchers to improve the yield of DMC in its direct synthesis from CO2 and methanol.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 1067-1089
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04093F
Chemical recovery of thermosetting unsaturated polyester resins
This review addresses advances and challenges in the chemical recovery of waste unsaturated polyester resins, presents a new strategy of reconstruction-oriented recovery, and gives promising prospects on the recovery of the wastes.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 701-712
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03724B
Current approaches, emerging developments and functional prospects for lignin-based catalysts – a review
Lignin is a promising bio-polyphenol that can be used as a catalyst in various industrial and commercial processes. Its high catalytic activity and reusability can provide a sustainable alternative to conventional catalysts.
Green Chem., 2023,25, 2896-2929
https://doi.org/10.1039/D3GC00072A
Synthetic (bio)degradable polymers – when does recycling fail?
Mapping of the thermal, mechanical and (bio)degradation properties of fossil and bio-based polymers. When recycling fails, criteria and scenarios where (bio)degradable polymers are beneficial, for a sustainable development, were critically discussed.
Green Chem., 2023,25, 13-31
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02726G
Electrocatalytic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for radical-mediated aryl/alkenyl C(sp2)–C(sp3) cross-coupling reactions
This review covers the recent progress in electrochemically enabled radical-mediated aryl/alkenyl C(sp2)–C(sp3) cross-coupling reactions, including synthetic strategies, plausible mechanisms and further research outlook.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 9373-9401
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC03829C
Sustainable preparation of cellulose nanocrystals: state of the art and perspectives
Recent strategies for the sustainable preparation of cellulose nanocrystals were comprehensively reviewed. Current challenges and future perspectives on this research topic were discussed as well.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 9346-9372
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC03003A
Critical elements: opportunities for microfluidic processing and potential for ESG-powered mining investments
Critical minerals have an irreplaceable role in the ongoing revolution in technology and using microfluidic continuous-flow technology for processing these minerals has potential solutions and benefits towards the ESG mining issues.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8879-8898
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02214A
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A review of biodegradable thermoplastic starches, their blends and composites: recent developments and opportunities for single-use plastic packaging alternatives
This review article effectively analyses the effect of multiple plasticizers, compatibilizers, and essential oils on plasticized starch in the preparation of thermoplastic starch-based biodegradable blends and composites.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8606-8636
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02169B
Electro-oxidative depolymerization of lignin for production of value-added chemicals
Recent research progress on the electro-oxidative depolymerization of lignin for the production of value-added products has been reviewed, focusing on the catalysts, electrodes, processes, electrocatalytic system and additives.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8585-8605
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02660K
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Lignin for energy applications – state of the art, life cycle, technoeconomic analysis and future trends
Lignin in advanced energy applications: source, extraction methodolgy, structure/property relationships.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8193-8226
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02724K
Mystifications and misconceptions of lignin: revisiting understandings
Lignin is a tricky and complex structure. The growing interest in its use requires a unanimous approach to its nature; so, misconceptions that have already been overcome and those perpetuated by those who are not familiar with its complexity do not spread.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 8172-8192
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01914K
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The meaning of life … cycles: lessons from and for safe by design studies
The meaning of the term ‘life cycle’ in relation to chemical, material and product in Safe-by-Design (SbD) studies is discussed. We recommend including explicit definitions and graphical representations of life cycles in future SbD work.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7787-7800
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02761E
Life cycle assessment as a tool for evaluating chemical processes at industrial scale: a review
The present paper reviews 47 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) applied to chemical reactions.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7751-7762
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02089K
Functionalized organic–inorganic hybrid porous coordination polymer-based catalysts for biodiesel production via trans/esterification
Considering the increasing heavy energy demands and severe environmental issues, researchers have been searching for an alternative renewable source of energy, aiming to achieve carbon neutralization.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7763-7786
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02722D
Lignin to value-added chemicals and advanced materials: extraction, degradation, and functionalization
The recently developed strategies for the degradation and functionalization of lignin enable it to be converted into a wide variety of value-added -chemicals, -and advanced materials.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7705-7750
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00092J
Design and applications of biocompatible choline amino acid ionic liquids
ChAAILs are often used in mixtures to lower cost and improve handling, but the effects of water and other molecular additives are poorly understood. This review describes structure at different dilution stages and design strategies for task-specific ChAAIL-based mixtures.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7281-7304
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02282F
Zeolite confinement-catalyzed cleavage of C–O/C–C bonds in biomass
Benefiting from the confinement effect, the great potential of metal@zeolite for the cleavage of C–O/C–C bonds in sustainable biomass upgrading systems is highlighted.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 7243-7280
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01917E
A review on non-noble metal catalysts for glycerol hydrodeoxygenation to 1,2-propanediol with and without external hydrogen
This review summarizes Cu-based catalysts for sustainable hydro-deoxygenation of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol with and without external hydrogen including various mechanistic pathways for the reactions involved.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6751-6781
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01879A
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Advances in solid-phase peptide synthesis in aqueous media (ASPPS)
Technologies to enable Aqueous Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (ASPPS).
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6360-6372
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02319A
Integrated design of an amination process of lignin oxygenated model compounds to synthesize cyclohexylamine: catalyst nanostructure engineering and catalytic conditional strategy
This review summarizes the research progress in the one-pot catalytic amination of lignin oxygenated model compounds to cyclohexylamine, specifically from the catalyst nanostructure engineering and catalytic conditional strategy.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6335-6359
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01887J
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Fermentation for the production of biobased chemicals in a circular economy: a perspective for the period 2022–2050
A critical review of the potential of fermentation processes for production of bulk chemicals in a future circular economy.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6373-6405
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC04758B
Recent advances in seed coating technologies: transitioning toward sustainable agriculture
This review provides a sustainability perspective on existing seed coating research through comparing potential agricultural benefits with the associated energy, chemical and environmental footprints.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 6052-6085
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC02389J
Recent advances in lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs): precursors, fabrications, properties, and applications
The precursor formulations, fabrications, properties, and various applications of lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) since 2017 are reviewed.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5709-5738
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01503J
Hydrodeoxygenation of potential platform chemicals derived from biomass to fuels and chemicals
This review summarizes a variety of catalytic systems to achieve the selective hydrodeoxygenation of potent biomass-derived platform chemicals with a focus on features including catalytic performance, active sites, and mechanism.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5652-5690
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01289H
Closed-loop chemical recycling of thermosetting polymers and their applications: a review
This review provides an overview of the closed-loop recycling of thermosets via hydrolysis and dynamic exchange reactions.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5691-5708
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00368F
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Organic waste valorisation towards circular and sustainable biocomposites
Organic waste valorisation into biopolymers and nanofillers potentially lowers the pressure on non-renewable resources, avoids the generation of waste-streams and opens new opportunities to develop multifunctional bio-based products.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5429-5459
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01668K
Carbon neutral methanol from pulp mills towards full energy decarbonization: an inside perspective and critical review
A neutral and potentially negative carbon cycle for methanol production and use.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5403-5428
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01528E
Striding the threshold of photocatalytic lignin-first biorefining via a bottom-up approach: from model compounds to realistic lignin
This critical review delivers an in-depth description of advancements and challenges in the photocatalytic lignin-first biorefining via a bottom-up paradigm, ranging from models transformation mechanism to practical lignin tactics.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5351-5378
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01409B
Solar H2 production systems: current status and prospective applications
A critical point of view of recent developments in sun-driven water splitting reactors for green H2 production, from materials optimization to device engineering, pointing out the limitations of large-scale application of these technologies.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5379-5402
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00292B
Progress in the catalytic reactions of CO2 and epoxides to selectively provide cyclic or polymeric carbonates
This review of the metal- and organo-catalyzed coupling of CO2 and epoxides (oxiranes) to provide selectively cyclic or polymeric carbonates is intended to highlight recent achievements in this area of research.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 5007-5034
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01422J
Organic redox polymers as electrochemical energy materials
The review provides basic insight into organic redox polymers: efficient charge propagation and storage among the highly populated redox active/bistable sites, as well as their functions in environmentally-friendly applications.
Green Chem., 2022,24, 4650-4679
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00981A
About this collection
Welcome to our online collection of Green Chemistry Review articles. Here we feature Critical reviews, Tutorial reviews and Perspective articles published in 2022.
For more information about the different review types, please go to https://rsc.li/greenchem
Congratulations to all the authors whose articles are featured and we hope readers enjoy this collection.