Light-Driven Artificial Photosynthesis: Integrating Inorganic Photosensitizers with Biological Systems for Sustainable Biosynthesis

Abstract

Traditional microbial fermentation faces critical scientific bottlenecks that limit its industrial potential. Light-driven biosynthesis, as a model of green manufacturing, demonstrates multiple strategic advantages and has emerged as a new paradigm to overcome these limitations. This article systematically reviews the core principles, system design, and recent application progress across five key domains of artificial photosynthesis systems based on inorganic photosensitizers. It further critically assesses the challenges of current inorganic-microbial hybrid systems and provides a forward-looking perspective by integrating cutting-edge trends such as artificial intelligence, high-throughput screening, and system integration.