Mechanisms and applications of microbial synthesis of metal nanoparticles in agri-sectors

Abstract

Currently, with the development of modern agriculture, the demand for environmentally friendly metal nanoparticles (MNPs) is increasing. However, the application of industrially synthesized MNPs in agricultural environments and production may have certain negative impacts. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, can synthesize low-toxicity, size- and shape-controllable, environmentally friendly MNPs through their physiological metabolic processes. This paper first comprehensively reviews the methods, mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of microbial synthesis of MNPs. It then focuses on the current application status of microbially synthesized MNPs in planting, breeding, and environmental protection. Finally, it summarizes the challenges faced by microbial synthesis of MNPs and proposes the exploration of new microbial species resources through high-throughput screening techniques and gene editing, the analysis of synthesis mechanisms using multidisciplinary methods such as omics and molecular biology, and the optimization of synthesis preparation processes using mathematical modeling and machine learning, as well as strengthening the study of their ecotoxicological effects in various ecological environmental media. In summary, this paper provides valuable references for improving the preparation process of microbially synthesized MNPs and exploring their application potential in the fields of agriculture, medicine, and environmental remediation.