Advancements in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Based on Weaving Technology: Current Developments and Future Prospects

Abstract

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a crucial surgical approach for rapidly restoring the function of an injured knee. Earlier approaches focused on repair techniques that often did not aim to replicate the native anatomy and function of the tissue (non-anatomical). In contrast, the field has shifted towards anatomic reconstruction methods, which prioritise restoring the native structure and biomechanics using autografts or synthetic materials. Textile technologies, especially weaving, have gained great attention for their capacity to create complex structures with the desired properties for various applications. By adjusting key parameters such as fibre arrangement, fibre/yarn linear density and warp/weft density, woven-based grafts can replicate the hierarchical structure, bioinspired morphology, anisotropic characteristics and mechanical properties of natural human tissues. Weaving technology offers advantages such as cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and ease of operation. This review provides an in-depth look at the latest advancements in ACL reconstruction and the roles played by weaving technology, aiming to provide insights into current trends and prospects in this field.