Issue 33, 2017

Comparison of the polymorphs of VOPO4 as multi-electron cathodes for rechargeable alkali-ion batteries

Abstract

Multi-electron polyanion cathodes offer the potential for achieving both high voltage and high capacity in rechargeable alkali-ion batteries. Among the few materials known to exhibit multi-electron cycling, the polymorphs of VOPO4, which operate on the V3+–V4+–V5+ redox couples, are particularly promising due to the high gravimetric capacities that have been achieved and the high voltage of the V4+/5+ couple. In this work, we performed a systematic first principles investigation, supported by careful electrochemical characterization and published experimental data, of the relative thermodynamic stability, voltage, band gap, and diffusion kinetics for alkali intercalation into the β, ε and αI polymorphs of VOPO4. We find that all VOPO4 polymorphs remain reasonably stable with the insertion of one alkali ion per V, but are significantly destabilized with the insertion of two alkali ions per V. The voltages for Na insertion are ∼0.33–0.69 V lower than those for Li insertion. We find that the αI polymorph is predicted to have higher Li+ migration barriers and larger band gaps than the β and ε polymorphs, which account for the relatively worse electrochemical cycling performance observed. On the other hand, only the αI polymorph exhibits reasonably low barriers for Na+ migration compared to the β and ε polymorphs, which are consistent with observed electrochemical performances reported thus far in the literature. We also show that differences in the voltage, kinetics and rate capability of these different polymorphs for Li and Na insertion can be traced back to their fundamentally different VO6/VO5–PO4 frameworks.

Graphical abstract: Comparison of the polymorphs of VOPO4 as multi-electron cathodes for rechargeable alkali-ion batteries

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
25 may 2017
Accepted
23 iyl 2017
First published
24 iyl 2017

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017,5, 17421-17431

Comparison of the polymorphs of VOPO4 as multi-electron cathodes for rechargeable alkali-ion batteries

Y. Lin, M. F. V. Hidalgo, I. Chu, N. A. Chernova, M. S. Whittingham and S. P. Ong, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 17421 DOI: 10.1039/C7TA04558A

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