MXenes in healthcare: synthesis, fundamentals and applications

Zaheer Ud Din Babar, Vincenzo Iannotti, Giulio Rosati, Ayesha Zaheer, Raffaele Velotta, Bartolomeo Della Ventura, Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk and Arben Merkoçi

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54, 3387
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Smart MXene-based microrobots for targeted drug delivery and synergistic therapies

Siavash Iravani, Atefeh Zarepour, Arezoo Khosravi, Rajender S. Varma and Ali Zarrabi

Nanoscale, 2025, 17, 9040
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The advanced applications of ionic liquids in new energy, electronic information materials, and biotechnologies

Suojiang Zhang, Yuhong Huang, Lan Zhang, Yanrong Liu, Qingqing Miao, Ruixia Liu, Weizhen Zhao, Yanyan Diao and Kun Dong

Green Chem., 2024, 26, 9048
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Bioactive surface-functionalized MXenes for biomedicine

Ting Li, Weipeng Qiang and Bo Lei

Nanoscale, 2025, 17, 4854
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Efficient photothermal conversion of MXenes and their application in biomedicine

Haozi Lu, Junhua Wang, Huimin Li, Wei Zhou, Quan Yuan and Song Liu

Mater. Chem. Front., 2023, 7, 4372
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Ionic liquid modified BiOCl/CNT catalyst with high hydrophobicity and aerophilicity for efficient electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide

Xuejiao Cui, Difa Zeng, Ming Jiang, Yabing Wang, Yuanan Li, Na Xu, Yanan Bian, Haochong Zhong, Shijie Zhang, Wenjuan Fang and Jianguo Wang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 38209
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Tailored MXenes and graphene as efficient telemedicine platforms for personalized health wellness

Kamil Reza Khondakar, Divya Tripathi, Hirak Mazumdar, Kirti Ahuja and Ajeet Kaushik

Mater. Adv., 2024, 5, 4091
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Catalase-like pleated niobium carbide MXene loaded with polythiophene for oxygenated sonodynamic therapy in solid tumor

E Pang, Baoling Li, Chuanling Zhou, Shaojing Zhao, Yu Tang, Qiuxia Tan, Chaoyi Yao, Benhua Wang, Kai Han, Xiangzhi Song, Zheyu Hu, Quchang Ouyang, Shiguang Jin and Minhuan Lan

Nanoscale, 2023, 15, 16466
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Ti3C2Tx and copper sulfide composite nanofluids with a hierarchical structure for sustainable and efficient solar light–thermal conversion

Fangfang Su, Zhongjie He, Jinliang Xie, Jing Zhang, Weirui Zhang, Yangyang Xin, Aibo Zhang, Dongdong Yao and Yaping Zheng

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 20651
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Representative modeling of biocompatible MXene nanocomposites for next-generation biomedical technologies and healthcare

Siwaluk Srikrajang, Latiful Kabir, Suresh Sagadevan, Karna Wijaya and Won-Chun Oh

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2025, 13, 2912
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Advances of ionic liquid-based nanohybrids for biomedical applications

Lin-Yu Li, Yi-Ru Gao, Rong Xue, Yang Shu, Jian-Hua Wang and Ze-Jun Wang

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2023, 11, 6491
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Rapid and simple preparation of an MXene/polypyrrole-based bacteria imprinted sensor for ultrasensitive Salmonella detection

Oulan Wang, Xiaoyan Jia, Jie Liu, Meng Sun and Jikui Wu

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2022, 918, 116513
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Nickel Foam@Reduced Graphene Oxide–Carbon Nanotube Composite as an Efficient Solar Evaporator for Water Purification and Electricity Generation

Zhi Chen, Xinli Li, Ruixue Liu, Kai Ma, Hankui Sang, Yaoyao Huang and Congming Tang

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2022, 61, 16565
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Emerging trends in MXene research: Synthesis, process and hybrid with nanomaterials for biosensing

Weiqiang Li, Guoyang Xie and Hengyi Xu

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2025, 531, 216493
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Two‐dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) based biosensing and molecular imaging

Huiyu Liu, Xiaotong Xing, Yan Tan and Haifeng Dong

Nanophotonics, 2022, 11, 4977
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High‐Efficiency, Short‐Pulse Electrothermal Cancer Therapy Utilizing Polyethylene Glycol (PEG‐) Based Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXene Nanomaterials

Welela M. Kedir, Lunna Li, Shao‐Xiang Go, Natasa Bajalovic, Lianna D. Soriano and Desmond K. Loke

Advanced Therapeutics, 2026, 9
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State-of-the-art: MXene structures in nano-oncology

Ravichandran Manisekaran, Aruna-Devi Rasu Chettiar, Ganeshlenin Kandasamy, Rene Garcia-Contreras and Laura Susana Acosta-Torres

Biomaterials Advances, 2023, 147, 213354
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Advances of MXene heterostructure composites in the area of sensing and biomedical applications: An overview

Srikanth Ponnada, Maryam Sadat Kiai, Sarita Yadav, Anjali Palariya, Chiranjeevi Sreenivasa Rao Vusa, Rapaka S Chandra Bose, Anita Nehra, Saikat Datta, Ravinder Pawar, Grazyna Simha Martynkova, Siddharth Gadkari, Susmita Naskar and Rakesh K. Sharma

Applied Materials Today, 2024, 39, 102310
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Ti3C2 (MXene), an advanced carrier system: role in photothermal, photoacoustic, enhanced drugs delivery and biological activity in cancer therapy

Vishal Kumar Deb and Utkarsh Jain

Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res., 2024, 14, 3009
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MXenes and MXene-based (nano)structures: A perspective on greener synthesis and biomedical prospects

Siavash Iravani

Ceramics International, 2022, 48, 24144
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MXenes-based nanomaterials for biosensing and biomedicine

Guohai Yang, Fanglei Liu, Jiayi Zhao, Lijie Fu, Yingqiu Gu, Lulu Qu, Chengzhou Zhu, Jun-Jie Zhu and Yuehe Lin

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2023, 479, 215002
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Preclinical Toxicity Assessment of Ti‐Based MXene Nanomaterials for Advanced Theranostic Applications

Barkha Singh, Rohan Bahadur, Deepika Rai and Rohit Srivastava

Advanced Therapeutics, 2024, 7
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A Janus, robust, biodegradable bacterial cellulose/Ti3C2Tx MXene bilayer membranes for guided bone regeneration

Hongling Zhou, Yifan Zhao, Xiangjun Zha, Zhengmin Zhang, Linli Zhang, Yeke Wu, Ruiyang Ren, Zhihe Zhao, Wei Yang and Lixing Zhao

Biomaterials Advances, 2024, 161, 213892
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New Polymeric Composites Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Laura S. Pires, Fernão D. Magalhães and Artur M. Pinto

Polymers, 2022, 14, 1464
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Stimuli-Responsive MXene Nanomaterials for Advanced Antitumor Drug Delivery Systems

Peng Deng, Zhihong Ling, Fei Fang, Jishi Ruan, Chuanjun Yang, Rong Hu, Jing Zhou and Peizheng Xiong

IJN, 2025, Volume 20, 13317
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Insight on electronic and thermal behaviors of conductive MXene-based composite material and their electromagnetic shielding Applications: A Review

Ranlu Miao, Qixun Xia, Libo Wang, Qianku Hu, Nanasaheb M. Shinde and Aiguo Zhou

FlatChem, 2025, 49, 100782
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Radiation-Induced Surface Modification of MXene with Ionic Liquid to Improve Electrochemical Properties and Chemical Stability

Jiali Jiang, Di Wen, Wenchao Zhao and Long Zhao

Langmuir, 2023, 39, 13890
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Oxygen saturation and blood volume analysis by photoacoustic imaging to identify pre and post-PDT vascular changes

M. Atif, Atif Hanif, M.S. AlSalhi, S. Devanesan and Haya Abdulaziz Altamimi

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2022, 29, 103304
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Antitumor Applications of Photothermal Agents and Photothermal Synergistic Therapies

Chaowei Li, Yue Cheng, Dawei Li, Qi An, Wei Zhang, Yu Zhang and Yijun Fu

IJMS, 2022, 23, 7909
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Cancer therapy by MXene-based Nanosystems: An Explicative review

Shankhadip Nandi, Dipanjan Karati and Swarupananda Mukherjee

Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2024, 170, 113214
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3D porous structure of ionic liquid-delaminated Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets for enhanced electrochemical sensing of tryptophan in real samples

Seyyed Mehdi Khoshfetrat, Mobina Motahari and Samaneh Mirsian

Sci Rep, 2025, 15
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A review on ionic liquid-mediated strategies for the synthesis and functionalization of 2D nanomaterial MXene

Ainul Maghfirah, Helena D. Anggraeni, Andre Kusdiana, Mohammad Z. Mubarok, Kevin Septioga and Grandprix T.M. Kadja

Synthetic Metals, 2026, 319, 118151
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MXenes and its composite structures: synthesis, properties, applications, 3D/4D printing, and artificial intelligence; machine learning integration

Vimukthi Dananjaya, Nethmi Hansika, Sathish Marimuthu, Venkata Chevali, Yogendra Kumar Mishra, Andrews Nirmala Grace, Nisa Salim and Chamil Abeykoon

Progress in Materials Science, 2025, 152, 101433
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Recent developments in two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide-based multimodal cancer theranostics

Xinbo Yu, Chen Xu, Jingxu Sun, Hainan Xu, Hanwei Huang, Ziyang Gan, Antony George, Sihui Ouyang and Funan Liu

J Nanobiotechnol, 2024, 22
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Functional two-dimensional MXenes as cancer theranostic agents

Nan Gao, Jiuhong Zhao, Xiaoguang Zhu, Jiaqi Xu, Guixia Ling and Peng Zhang

Acta Biomaterialia, 2022, 154, 1
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Recent computational insights into MXene and their composite materials for biomedical applications: Design strategies, key advances, and future directions

Sandeep Yadav, Sapna Raghav, Vishwajit Chavda, Yuvrajsinh B. Rajput, Woong Kim, Pallavi Jain and Dinesh Kumar

Materials Today Chemistry, 2026, 54, 103659
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Design mechanisms and biomedical applications of peptide-metal chelates in antimicrobial therapy, tumor theranostics, and integrated diagnosis-treatment systems

Yusu Li, Xinyue Zhao, Jin-ao Duan and Ping Xiao

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2026, 559, 217819
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ROS- and pH-Responsive Polydopamine Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Nanocarriers with High Antibacterial Activity

Wei-Jin Zhang, Shuwei Li, Veena Vijayan, Jun Lee, Sung Park, Xiuguo Cui, Ildoo Chung, Jaejun Lee, Suk-kyun Ahn, Jung Kim, In-Kyu Park and Chang-Sik Ha

Nanomaterials, 2022, 12, 4392
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Advanced MXene-Based Micro- and Nanosystems for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

Fatemeh Mohajer, Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani, Alireza Badiei, Siavash Iravani and Rajender S. Varma

Micromachines, 2022, 13, 1773
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The synthesis and application of functional materials strengthened by ionic liquids

Fan Yang, Huizhen Yang, Shuai Liu, Ruirui He, Wenjie Song, Xinnuo Zhao, Xingmei Lu and Yibo Wang

Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2025, 429, 127493
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Comprehensive utilization and biomedical application of MXenes - A systematic review of cytotoxicity and biocompatibility

Suresh Sagadevan and Won-Chun Oh

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2023, 85, 104569
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Integration of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into polyelectrolyte-functionalized nanocellulose polymer: A smart sustainable macromolecular composite

Zahra Farajzadeh, Amirhossein Khoshnevisan, Reza Taghavi, Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal, Elham Zarenezhad and Sadegh Rostamnia

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 327, 147097
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MXene‐Integrated Composites for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis, Cancer Diagnosis, and Emerging Frontiers

Aryan Saxena, Akshayat Tyagi, Sushipra Vats, Ishita Gupta, Akhil Gupta, Raminder Kaur, Saurabh Kr Tiwary, Ahmed A. Elzatahry, Maninderjeet Singh and Alamgir Karim

Small Science, 2025, 5
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Trends in Using Fluorescent MXene Quantum Dots for Selective Detection and Bioimaging Applications: A Review

Ragini Singh, Santosh Kumar, Santanu Bera and Susanta Kumar Bhunia

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2023, 6, 19526
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MXenes in combination therapy: Chemo-photothermal, chemodynamic, and photothermal/photodynamic therapies for cancer treatment and antibacterial applications

Masoomeh Amoozadeh, Atefeh Zarepour, Arezoo Khosravi, Siavash Iravani and Ali Zarrabi

FlatChem, 2025, 51, 100849
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Blood volume and structural imaging as an early indicator for photodynamic response

M. Atif, Atif Hanif, M.S. AlSalhi and S. Devanesan

Journal of King Saud University - Science, 2022, 34, 102143
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MXenes as emerging materials to repair electroactive tissues and organs

Keshav Narayan Alagarsamy, Leena Regi Saleth, Saravanan Sekaran, Laura Fusco, Lucia Gemma Delogu, Maksym Pogorielov, Açelya Yilmazer and Sanjiv Dhingra

Bioactive Materials, 2025, 48, 583
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Review: biomedical applications of novel MXene nanocomposites

Ashish A. Gawai, Shirish P. Jain, Prawit Nuengmatcha, Minh-Vien Le, Latiful Kabir, Siwaluk Srikrajang, Karna Wijaya and Won-Chun Oh

J Mater Sci, 2025, 60, 23121
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Multi-dimensional applications of MXene in human health: From disease prevention, diagnosis, to rehabilitation

Yan Liu, Dong Lv, Yuanming Yang, Lingyu Zhu, Rong Wang, Shumin Chen, Degang Jiang and Haiyan Wang

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2026, 246, 187
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Cancer cell membrane-coated quercetin-MXene-Au nanoparticles for smart drug delivery and enhanced photothermal therapy

Shehab Elbeltagi, Mohammed Al-Zharani, Fahd A. Nasr, A.M. Ismail, Hagar M. El-Tohamy, Khaled M. Abdelbased, Zienab E. Eldin and Nada S. Al-Theyab

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2025, 255, 114940
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Unlocking the power of MXenes – Crafting a 2D nanoplatform for tomorrow: Synthesis, functionalization, stability, and biomedical applications

Soji Soman, Sanjay Kulkarni, Abhijeet Pandey, Namdev Dhas, Krishnaraj Somyaji Shirur, Rajashree S. Gude, Shimoga M. Vidya, Sneha Nayak, Sajan Daniel George and Srinivas Mutalik

Materials Today Communications, 2024, 38, 107711
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Biodegradable MXene Quantum Dots with High Near-Infrared Photothermal Performance for Cancer Treatment

Bingxuan Hu, Jiawei Chen, Zeyu Gao, Lei Chen, Tengyang Cao, Helang Li, Qingsong Yu, Caiqi Wang and Zhihua Gan

ACS Appl. Bio Mater., 2024, 7, 4339
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Synthesis approaches of MXene based polymeric nano system for electromagnetic shielding Application- A review

Mayank Pandey, Kaili Gong, Deepthi Jayan K and Keqing Zhou

Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2024, 49, 754
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Metal‐based nanomaterials and nanocomposites as promising frontier in cancer chemotherapy

Sunil Kumar, Monu Kumar Shukla, Abhishek Kumar Sharma, Gururaj K. Jayaprakash, Rajiv K. Tonk, Dinesh K. Chellappan, Sachin Kumar Singh, Kamal Dua, Faheem Ahmed, Sanjib Bhattacharyya and Deepak Kumar

MedComm, 2023, 4
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Bio-Based Waterborne Poly(Vanillin–Butyl Acrylate)/MXene Coatings for Leather with Desired Warmth Retention and Antibacterial Properties

Jianzhong Ma, Li Ma, Lei Zhang, Wenbo Zhang, Qianqian Fan and Buxing Han

Engineering, 2024, 36, 250
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MXene—Reclaimed Cellulose Acetate Composites for Methylene Blue Removal Through Synergistic Adsorption and Photocatalysis

Alsha Subash, Sanchari Sen, Minoo Naebe, Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian, Manisha Kulthe and Akansha Kore

Polymers for Advanced Techs, 2024, 35
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Bioengineered MXene–Polymer–Metal Composites: From Synthesis and Structure to Multimodal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Mutaz Mohammad Alsardi, Mohammed Ali Dheyab, Ahmad Fairuz Omar, Azlan Abdul Aziz, Mothana Hussein Tarawneh, Wesam Abdullah, Sara Abdulwahab, Saleh T. Alanezi and Mehran Ghasemlou

Adv Healthcare Materials, 2026
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Metal Complexes and Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging

Axel Steinbrueck and Johannes Karges

ChemBioChem, 2023, 24
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Fabrication Methods, Structural, Surface Morphology and Biomedical Applications of MXene: A Review

Sarvesh Kumar Avinashi, Rajat Kumar Mishra, Rahul Singh, Shweta, Rakhi, Zaireen Fatima and Chandki Ram Gautam

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 47003
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Aptamer modified Ti3C2 nanosheets application in smart targeted photothermal therapy for cancer

Zhiqiang Bai, Lu Zhao, Haidi Feng, Zhihui Xin, Chaoyu Wang, Zhixiong Liu, Maozhong Tian, Haifei Zhang, Yunfeng Bai and Feng Feng

Cancer Nano, 2023, 14
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Dual (pH- and ROS-) Responsive Antibacterial MXene-Based Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery

Wei-Jin Zhang, Shuwei Li, Yong-Zhu Yan, Sung Soo Park, Anandhu Mohan, Ildoo Chung, Suk-kyun Ahn, Jung Rae Kim and Chang-Sik Ha

IJMS, 2022, 23, 14925
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Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheet-Based Dual-Enzyme Cascade Reaction to Facilitate Dual-Stimulation-Mediated Breast Cancer Therapy

Yajing Wang, Wennan Yan, Ji Zhang, Ziyi Li and Yingshu Guo

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2024, 7, 7345
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Unlocking the Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids

Najihah Mohd Noor, Amal A. M. Elgharbawy, Muhammad Moniruzzaman and Masahiro Goto

ChemBioEng Reviews, 2024, 11, 231
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Functional inorganic nanomaterials for optical cancer theranostics

Kai Song, Xiaomeng Su, Wei Zhao, Fujin Ai, Ahmad Umar and Sotirios Baskoutas

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 485, 150067
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Ultrarapid Gelation of Porous Ti3C2Tx MXene Monoliths Induced by Ionic Liquids

Jiali Jiang, Wenchao Zhao and Long Zhao

Nano Lett., 2024, 24, 3196
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Engineering of surface modified Ti3C2Tx MXene based dually controlled drug release system for synergistic multitherapies of cancer

Aiping Liu, Yan Liu, Gengjun Liu, Aitang Zhang, Yujun Cheng, Ying Li, Lin Zhang, Lisheng Wang, Hong Zhou, Jingquan Liu and Haiyan Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 448, 137691
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Thermal Properties of MXenes and Relevant Applications

LePing Yu, Lyu Xu, Lu Lu, Zahrah Alhalili and XiaoHong Zhou

ChemPhysChem, 2022, 23
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Recent Advanced Developments and Prospects of Surface Functionalized MXenes-Based Hybrid Composites toward Electrochemical Water Splitting Applications

Rakesh Kulkarni, Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne, Janardhan Reddy Koduru, Rama Rao Karri, Yoon-Young Chang, Suresh Kumar Kailasa and Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

ACS Materials Lett., 2024, 6, 2660
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Mechano-assisted ionic liquid-modified MXene enhances tribological properties of waterborne epoxy coatings

Ruilin Xie, Ruisheng Guo, Wenjing Ouyang, Chenyu Qiao, Jingyu Kang and Xuqing Liu

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2025, 725, 137572
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Ionic liquid-delaminated Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets for enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of tryptophane in normal and breast cancer serum

Seyyed Mehdi Khoshfetrat, Mohana Nabavi, Saba Mamivand, Zhenyu Wang, Zonghua Wang and Mehdi Hosseini

Microchim Acta, 2025, 192
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Se/Ti3C2 nanoparticles with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties: Rapid phototherapy of periodontitis by modulating GPX1 expression in macrophages under NIR

Zhen Wan, Qian Wu and Tian Deng

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 529, 173101
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Mxene-based wearable self-powered and photothermal triboelectric nanogenerator patches for wound healing acceleration and tactile sensing

Meiru Mao, Jianglong Kong, Xiaohan Ge, Yuting Sun, Hongrui Yu, Jiawen Liu, Weimin Huang, David Y. Wang and Yi Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 482, 148949
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Influences of protein-corona on stability and aggregation kinetics of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets in aquatic environment

Shizhu Cheng, Feng Tan, Xuri Wu, Fan Dong, Jinghua Liu, Yan Wang and Hongxia Zhao

Environmental Research, 2023, 219, 115131
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Advancements in MXene transformation: Nanoarchitectonics for biomedical and energy applications

Muhammad Altaf Nazir, Kinza Maqsood, Sami Ullah, Abdul Rauf, Ibrahim A. Shaaban, Rashid Iqbal, Awais Ahmad, Muhammad Sufyan Javed, Tayyaba Najam, Md Rezaul Karim and Syed Shoaib Ahmad Shah

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1030, 180852
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