Yuping Liu, Tao Liu, Jie Zhao, Yaxin Shao, Xu Li, Zhenhu Li, Yulin Zhang, Shuangyi Liu, Zhihua Lin, Frederik Bettels, Chaofeng Zhang, Fei Ding and Lin Zhang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 8968
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA07765B

Recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode: an overview

Xun Zhang and Maiyong Zhu

Green Chem., 2024, 26, 7656
DOI: 10.1039/D4GC01781A

A holistic review on the direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries from electrolytes to electrodes

Neil Hayagan, Cyril Aymonier, Laurence Croguennec, Mathieu Morcrette, Rémi Dedryvère, Jacob Olchowka and Gilles Philippot

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 31685
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA04976D

A recrystallization approach to repairing spent LiFePO4 black mass

Zhongheng Wang, Hui Xu, Zhiruo Liu, Mingzhe Jin, Linghao Deng, Sa Li and Yunhui Huang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 9057
DOI: 10.1039/D3TA00655G

Recycling application of waste Li–MnO2 batteries as efficient catalysts based on electrochemical lithiation to improve catalytic activity

Xu Wang, Haijun Qiu, Haolin Liu, Penghui Shi, Jinchen Fan, Yulin Min and Qunjie Xu

Green Chem., 2018, 20, 4901
DOI: 10.1039/C8GC02183J

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Jiao Lin, Xiaodong Zhang, Ersha Fan, Renjie Chen, Feng Wu and Li Li

Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 745
DOI: 10.1039/D2EE03257K

A sustainable approach to cathode delamination using a green solvent

Onurcan Buken, Kayla Mancini and Amrita Sarkar

RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 27356
DOI: 10.1039/D1RA04922D

Selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: a sustainable process

Yongxia Yang, Xiangqi Meng, Hongbin Cao, Xiao Lin, Chenming Liu, Yong Sun, Yi Zhang and Zhi Sun

Green Chem., 2018, 20, 3121
DOI: 10.1039/C7GC03376A

Parameter optimization and yield prediction of cathode coating separation process for direct recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

Liurui Li, Tairan Yang and Zheng Li

RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 24132
DOI: 10.1039/D1RA04086C

A sustainable strategy for spent Li-ion battery regeneration: microwave-hydrothermal relithiation complemented with anode-revived graphene to construct a LiFePO4/MWrGO cathode material

Zhenyu Jiang, Jing Sun, Pingshan Jia, Wenlong Wang, Zhanlong Song, Xiqiang Zhao and Yanpeng Mao

Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2022, 6, 2207
DOI: 10.1039/D1SE01750K

Mechanical force-induced proton transfer promotes the selective extraction of spent lithium iron phosphate

Di Zhang, Ersha Fan, Qiyue Zhang, Xiaodong Zhang, Renjie Chen and Li Li

Green Chem., 2026, 28, 6432
DOI: 10.1039/D6GC00272B

Low-carbon recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries via a hydro-oxygen repair route

Kang Liu, Junxiong Wang, Mengmeng Wang, Qiaozhi Zhang, Yang Cao, Longbin Huang, Marjorie Valix and Daniel C. W. Tsang

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 6642
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC00472D

Toward practical lithium-ion battery recycling: adding value, tackling circularity and recycling-oriented design

Jianfeng Mao, Chao Ye, Shilin Zhang, Fangxi Xie, Rong Zeng, Kenneth Davey, Zaiping Guo and Shizhang Qiao

Energy Environ. Sci., 2022, 15, 2732
DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00162D

Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries

Xiaoxiao Zhang, Li Li, Ersha Fan, Qing Xue, Yifan Bian, Feng Wu and Renjie Chen

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47, 7239
DOI: 10.1039/C8CS00297E

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xuejing Qiu, Baichao Zhang, Yunlong Xu, Jiugang Hu, Wentao Deng, Guoqiang Zou, Hongshuai Hou, Yue Yang, Wei Sun, Yuehua Hu, Xiaoyu Cao and Xiaobo Ji

Green Chem., 2022, 24, 2506
DOI: 10.1039/D1GC04784A

Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang and Yan Wang

iScience, 2021, 24, 102332
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332

From wastes to functions: preparation of layered double hydroxides from industrial waste and its removal performance towards phosphates

Liping Xiao, Yan Li, Qiaoping Kong and Yunlong Lan

Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2022, 29, 11893
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16563-x

Disassembly Automation for Recycling End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

Liurui Li, Panni Zheng, Tairan Yang, Robert Sturges, Michael W. Ellis and Zheng Li

JOM, 2019, 71, 4457
DOI: 10.1007/s11837-019-03778-0

Metal Recycling and Re‐Utilization Strategies of E‐Wastes in Catalysis Applications: A Mini Review

Xuezheng Xiu, Yanjia Zhang, Ziyi Zhu, Xiaojian Ou, Haotian Tan, Yuqian Gao, Yundong Qian, Lina Han and Xiaoyuan Zeng

Chemistry An Asian Journal, 2026, 21
DOI: 10.1002/asia.70754

An Effective Relithiation Process for Recycling Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Tairan Yang, Yingqi Lu, Liurui Li, Dayang Ge, Heng Yang, Weinan Leng, Hui Zhou, Xu Han, Nolan Schmidt, Michael Ellis and Zheng Li

Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2020, 4
DOI: 10.1002/adsu.201900088

Advancing Battery Manufacturing: Synchrotron Characterization for Industry

Hyeongjun Koh, James N. Burrow, Nicolò D’Anna, Haozhe Zhang, Tharigopala Vincent Beatriceveena, Jiaqi Wang, Jianwei Lai, Yiming Chen, Jordi Cabana, Maria K. Y. Chan, Ethan J. Crumlin, Paul A. Fenter, Timothy T. Fister, Di-Jia Liu, Ying Shirley Meng, Oleg Shpyrko, Kamila Wiaderek and Kelsey B. Hatzell

Chem. Rev., 2026, 126, 3089
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00772

A perspective of low carbon lithium-ion battery recycling technology

Ye Shui Zhang, Kirstin Schneider, Hao Qiu and Hua Lun Zhu

Carbon Capture Science & Technology, 2022, 5, 100074
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100074

Sustainable and efficient recycling strategies for spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: Current status and prospect

Xiao-tian Zhao, Xi-guang Li, Qiang Gao, Xin-long Li, Guang-liang Wei, Shuai Yan, Xiang-nan Zhu and Yang-guang Ren

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 359, 130885
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130885

Efficient separation and selective Li recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode

Yuelin Kong, Lixia Yuan, Yaqi Liao, Yudi Shao, Shuaipeng Hao and Yunhui Huang

Energy Mater, 2023, 3
DOI: 10.20517/energymater.2023.57

Pretreatment for the recovery of spent lithium ion batteries: theoretical and practical aspects

Xuehu Zhong, Wei Liu, Junwei Han, Fen Jiao, Wenqing Qin and Tong Liu

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 263, 121439
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121439

Review on the recovery and reutilization of anode materials and electrolytes from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xinyu Pan, Li Jiang, Xin Gao, Yawen Han and Tianming Gao

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 380, 125025
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125025

Closed-Loop Regeneration of a Spent LiFePO4 Cathode by Integrating Oxidative Leaching and Electrochemical Relithiation

Zhenzhen Liu, Chao Zhang, Mengxiang Ye, Huaimeng Li, Zhen Fu, Haimin Zhang, Guozhong Wang and Yunxia Zhang

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2022, 5, 14323
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02883

Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Multi-Stage Annealing Process to Recover the Pristine Structure and Performance

Anthony T. Montoya, Zhenzhen Yang, Erik U. Dahl, Krzysztof Z. Pupek, Bryant Polzin, Alison Dunlop and J. T. Vaughey

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2022, 10, 13319
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c02643

Fundamental Investigation of Direct Cathode Regeneration Using Chemically Delithiated Lithium Cobalt Oxides

Md. Sajibul Alam Bhuyan and Hosop Shin

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2022, 169, 110507
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac9d68

Advancements in direct recycling technologies for lithium-ion battery cathodes: Overcoming challenges in cathode regeneration

Subramanian Natarajan and Suguru Noda

Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2025, 164, 100976
DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2025.100976

Efficient lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 cathodes via alkaline pressure leaching

Jiawei Du, Jialin Qing, Kaiyuan Fang, Guiqing Zhang, Zuoying Cao, Qinggang Li, Mingyu Wang, Wenjuan Guan, Shengxi Wu and Xinsheng Wu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 378, 134700
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134700

Advanced direct recycling enables upcycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Wei Liu, Linfeng Peng, Ziqi Zeng, Shijie Cheng and Jia Xie

Sci. China Chem., 2026, 69, 619
DOI: 10.1007/s11426-025-2928-5

Closed-loop regeneration of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries: A “feed three birds with one scone” strategy toward advanced cathode materials

Dezhao Peng, Jiafeng Zhang, Jingtian Zou, Guanjun Ji, Long Ye, Dongmin Li, Bao Zhang and Xing Ou

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 316, 128098
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128098

A comprehensive cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of three representative lithium-ion stationary batteries targeting a 20-year bi-daily charge–discharge service

H. Bewi Komesse, M. Lucas, S. Duval—Dachary and S. Beauchet

Int J Life Cycle Assess, 2024, 29, 1246
DOI: 10.1007/s11367-024-02303-z

Phase Change Mechanism of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Material in Regeneration Process

Jiayi He, Junjie Tang, Yuan Sun, Yizhou Zhou, Pengfei Wang and Fanian Shi

JOM, 2025, 77, 2167
DOI: 10.1007/s11837-024-07082-4

A Facile and Effective Method to Strip and Recycle Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials

Zixia Mou, Yucai Zhang, Yanjun Cai, Xiang Yao, Hualing Tian, Qingrong Kong and Zhi Su

ChemistrySelect, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202302863

Optimization of the hydrothermal process for simultaneous LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 regeneration and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) decomposition

Zhenling Jin, Qi Jiang, Changxu Luo, Chao Chen and Zhongtian Fu

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2025, 43, e01195
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01195

Recycling Electrode Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for High-Efficiency Catalyst Application: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Ningning Feng, Juan Wang, Yang Lin, Xiulu Liang and Gang Yang

Energy Fuels, 2024, 38, 19174
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c02887

The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives

Lingen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Zhenming Xu and Ping Zhu

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2023, 57, 13270
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01369

Efficient separation of layered oxide cathode materials and Al collectors in spent lithium-ion batteries

Zhiyue Fu, Weihao Zeng, Juan Wang, Yu Li and Shichun Mu

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2025, 510, 145643
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145643

Progress and prospect of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials recycling: A review

Yi Fan, Yongyou Su, Zitong Fei, Yuyun Li, Yun Luo, Le Tian, Qi Meng and Peng Dong

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132, 117771
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.117771

Green Phosphate Route of Regeneration of LiFePO4 Composite Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zixuan Wang, Dandan Wu, Xi Wang, Ye Huang and Xu Wu

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2023, 62, 1181
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03743

Comprehensive study of pyrolysis of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Chang Han, Peng Gao, Shuai Yuan, Guodong Wen, Haoyuan Ding, Zhe Bai and Shunlin Lei

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 375, 133793
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133793

Advances in recycling LiFePO4 from spent lithium batteries: A critical review

Yunji Ding, Jiayi Fu, Shengen Zhang, Xuefeng He, Baohuai Zhao, Jing Ren, Jiahao Zhong and Zhijian Liu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 338, 126551
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126551

Green transformation of lithium-ion battery recycling: Toward a sustainable and low-carbon circular economy

Bangmeng Qu, Jinglong Liang, Dongxing Huo, Chang Liu and Hui Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 528, 172244
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.172244

Regeneration and reutilization of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yanlan Zhao, Xingzhong Yuan, Longbo Jiang, Jia Wen, Hou Wang, Renpeng Guan, Jingjing Zhang and Guangming Zeng

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 383, 123089
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123089

Prospects of LLZO type solid electrolyte: From material design to battery application

Hongchao Sun, Shifei Kang and Lifeng Cui

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 454, 140375
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140375

Low-Temperature Molten-Salt-Assisted Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ersha Fan, Li Li, Jiao Lin, Jiawei Wu, Jingbo Yang, Feng Wu and Renjie Chen

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2019, 7, 16144
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03054

Selective recovery of lithium and iron phosphate/carbon from spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material by anionic membrane slurry electrolysis

Zheng Li, DongFu Liu, Jiachun Xiong, Lihua He, Zhongwei Zhao and Dezhi Wang

Waste Management, 2020, 107, 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.017

A review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Zsolt Dobó, Truong Dinh and Tibor Kulcsár

Energy Reports, 2023, 9, 6362
DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.264

A Study on the Leaching Effect and Selective Recovery of Lithium Element by Persulfate-based Oxidizing Agents from Waste LiFePO4 Cathode

Hee-Seon Kim, Dae-Weon Kim, Dae-Hwan Jang, Boram Kim, Yun-Ho Jin, Byung-Man Chae and Sang-Woo Lee

Resour. Recycl., 2022, 31, 40
DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.40

A Sustainable Revival Process for Spent Lifepo4 Batteries: Defect-Targeted Healing and In-Situ Surface Modification with 3d-Interconnected Porous Carbon Networks to Reconstruct Advanced Cathode Nanohybrids

Jing Sun, Zhenyu Jiang, Pingshan Jia, Su Li, Wenlong Wang, Zhanlong Song, Yanpeng Mao, Xiqiang Zhao and Bingqian Zhou

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4128556

Grave to Cradle: A Direct Recycling Approach for Over‐Discharged LiFePO4 Electric Vehicle Cells

Elizabeth Helen Driscoll, Evangelos Kallitsis, Jose F. Marco, David Burnett, Sang Pham, Rob Sommerville, Lou Cooper, Jacqueline S. Edge, Frank Berry, Peter R. Slater and Emma Kendrick

Adv Energy and Sustain Res, 2026, 7
DOI: 10.1002/aesr.202500174

Stripping of cathode materials from aluminum foil using triethyl phosphate: Feasibility and mechanism analysis

Junyi Wang, Qi Zhao, Yixuan Wang, Zihan Feng and Kaimin Shih

Waste Management, 2025, 207, 115101
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115101

Electrification and decarbonization of spent Li-ion batteries purification by using an electrochemical membrane reactor

Qiang Wang, Luis A. Diaz Aldana, Eric J. Dufek, Daniel M. Ginosar, John R. Klaehn and Meng Shi

Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 307, 122828
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122828

Rh–Ni(OH)2/NF via hydrolysis galvanic replacement of boride: Unveiling an exceptional electrocatalyst for high-current alkaline hydrogen evolution

Cengceng Du, Zhenyu Wang, Xin Chen, Yiming Wang, Chen Chen, Xinyu Liu, Yuqiu Huo, Hongbin Sun and Guangwen Xu

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 88, 152
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.104

Synergistic effect of grinding time and submicron (nano) bubbles on the zeta potential state of spent lithium-ion batteries: A gene expression programming approach

Sabereh Nazari, Fatemeh Sadat Hoseinian, Jiahao Li, Mehdi Safari, Hamid Khoshdast, Jinlong Li and Yaqun He

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 70, 107942
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107942

Comprehensive Review on Concept and Recycling Evolution of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)

Kishore K. Jena, Akram AlFantazi and Ahmad T. Mayyas

Energy Fuels, 2021, 35, 18257
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02489

Selective Recycling of Decommissioned LiFePO4 Batteries by High Temperature Oxidation Roasting-Sulphuric Acid Leaching

Yiming Sun, Xiaoyan Xiang, Hongyuan Yan, Yuanxue Xia and Feng Zhang

Metall Mater Trans B, 2026, 57, 993
DOI: 10.1007/s11663-025-03884-2

Sustainable Development Goals and End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: Literature Review

Muhammad Nadeem Akram and Walid Abdul-Kader

Batteries, 2023, 9, 353
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9070353

A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Tianyu Zhao, Weilun Li, Michael Traversy, Yeonuk Choi, Ahmad Ghahreman, Zhongwei Zhao, Chao Zhang, Weiduo Zhao and Yunfeng Song

Journal of Environmental Management, 2024, 351, 119670
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119670

Direct recycling of spent Li-ion batteries: Challenges and opportunities toward practical applications

Gaolei Wei, Yuxuan Liu, Binglei Jiao, Nana Chang, Mengting Wu, Gangfeng Liu, Xiao Lin, XueFei Weng, Jinxing Chen, Liang Zhang, Chunling Zhu, Guiling Wang, Panpan Xu, Jiangtao Di and Qingwen Li

iScience, 2023, 26, 107676
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107676

Cyclic redox strategy for sustainable recovery of lithium ions from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Yushuo Li, Xiangpeng Kong, Xiaofeng Liu, Shen Wang, Bo Wen, Shubing Miao, Qiang Rong, Guorui Yang and Shujiang Ding

Materials Letters, 2024, 369, 136779
DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2024.136779

Migration, transformation, and management of fluorine-containing substances in lithium-ion batteries during recycling − A review

Ben Wang, Yanwei Yin, Haoyuan Deng, Haochen Zhu, Guangming Li and Wenzhi He

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 358, 130283
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130283

A review of research in the Li-ion battery production and reverse supply chains

Nowsheen Sharmili, Rakesh Nagi and Pingfeng Wang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 68, 107622
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107622

Study on green closed-loop regeneration of waste lithium iron phosphate based on oxalic acid system

Xiaolong Chai, Xiaohua Yu, Qingfeng Shen, Xingbin Li, Yan Lin, Weisong Cai and Ya Yuan

Waste Management, 2024, 181, 168
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.037

Recycling of spent LiFePO4 extraction slag: Current status and future prospects

Yufa Feng, Huijie Wang, Wei Yang, Huiqin Hu, Hengyu Zhu, Wei Ren, Guang Yang, Lei Zhou, Liming Yang, Honggen Peng and Xubiao Luo

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 114, 721
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2025.10.042

Direct regeneration of LiFePO4 cathode by inherent impurities in spent lithium-ion batteries

Meiting Huang, Zhihao Wang, Haitao Yang, Liming Yang, Kechun Chen, Haoxuan Yu, Chenxi Xu, Yingying Guo, Penghui Shao, Liang Chen and Xubiao Luo

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 679, 586
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.10.022

A Review on Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Rui Xu, Wei Xu, Jinggang Wang, Fengmei Liu, Wei Sun and Yue Yang

Molecules, 2022, 27, 2285
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072285

Efficient Direct Cathode Regeneration for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Planetary Centrifugal Mixing and Eutectic Salts

Mahmudul Hoq, Dawoon Jang, Mazedur Rahman, Junwei Yep, Jung-Hyun Kim and Hosop Shin

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 15269
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c02632

Sustainable regenerating of high-voltage performance LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries by interface engineering

Yue Wang, Hongjian Yu, Yang Liu, Yanqiu Wang, Zihao Chen, Dan Tang, Wenzhang Li and Jie Li

Electrochimica Acta, 2022, 407, 139863
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139863

Separation and Regeneration of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Facile Process

Yu Wang, Zhiqiang Xu, Meijie Sun, Yanan Tu and Xusheng Duan

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 11199
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01917

One‐Step Recovery and Regeneration Technology for Discarded Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Hong Chen, Lu‐Kang Zhao, Xuan‐Chen Wang, Xuan‐Wen Gao, Qing‐Song Lai, Zhao‐Meng Liu, Dong‐Run Yang and Wen‐Bin Luo

Batteries & Supercaps, 2025, 8
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400800

Worldwide ubiquitous utilization of lithium-ion batteries: What we have done, are doing, and could do safely once they are dead?

A.R. Shekhar, M.H. Parekh and V.G. Pol

Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 523, 231015
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231015

High-efficiency leaching process for selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate

Guidong Li, Ye Chen, Mingkun Wu, Yuzhi Xu, Xiang Li and Mengkui Tian

Waste Management, 2024, 190, 141
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.017

Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathodes via Chemical Relithiation Reaction

Chen Wu, Jieming Hu, Lang Ye, Zipei Su, Xiaoli Fang, Xiaolong Zhu, Lin Zhuang, Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang and Jiangfeng Qian

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 16384
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06278

Conversion of LiFePO4 to FePO4 via Selective Lithium Bicarbonation: A Direct Pathway Towards Battery Recycling

François Larouche, Kamyab Amouzegar, Georges Houlachi, Patrick Bouchard and George P. Demopoulos

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2022, 169, 073509
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac801f

Selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Yuanzhong Wu, Guangming Li, Siqi Zhao, Yanwei Yin, Beng Wang and Wenzhi He

Waste Manag Res, 2026, 44, 265
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X241227375

Environmental Impact Assessment of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Hydrometallurgical Cathode Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Maider Iturrondobeitia, Claudia Vallejo, Maria Berroci, Ortzi Akizu-Gardoki, Rikardo Minguez and Erlantz Lizundia

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2022, 10, 9798
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01496

A Closed-Loop Process for Selective Metal Recovery from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries through Mechanochemical Activation

Yongxia Yang, Xiaohong Zheng, Hongbin Cao, Chunlong Zhao, Xiao Lin, Pengge Ning, Yi Zhang, Wei Jin and Zhi Sun

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 9972
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01914

Recycle cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries by an innovative method

Ping Lou, Minyuan Guan, Guoqiang Wu, Jian Wu, Haisheng Yu, Weixin Zhang and Qi Cheng

Ionics, 2022, 28, 2135
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-022-04497-4

Sustainable Revival of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes in Li‐Ion Batteries: Recycling and Surface Engineering Approaches

Yan He and Ruigang Wang

Energy & Environ Materials, 2026
DOI: 10.1002/eem2.70390

Study on selective recovery of lithium from cathode materials of decommissioned lithium batteries and its impact on corporate economic and environmental benefits

Yanhong Li, Guosheng Luo, Haochen Wang and Hua Niu

Environmental Technology, 2025, 46, 4213
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2025.2499973

In-situ inducing hydroxyl radicals for the stripping of cathode materials from spent lithium iron phosphate battery

Lixiang Wu, Fu-Shen Zhang, Xiao-Hui Yue and Zhi-Yuan Zhang

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 372, 133749
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133749

Controllable phase-reconstruction strategy for LiFePO4 homogeneous regeneration: Reaction mechanism, characterization and prospect

Zihao Zeng, Yi Chen, Chao Zhu, Hai Lei, Wei Sun, Yue Yang and Peng Ge

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 112, 553
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2025.08.065

Evolution of spent LiFePO4 powders into LiFePO4/C/FeS composites: A facile and smart approach to make sustainable anodes for alkaline Ni-Fe secondary batteries

Enbo Shangguan, Shuqian Fu, Siqi Wu, Qin Wang, Chengke Wu, Jing Li, Xiaowu Cai, Zhaorong Chang, Zhenhui Wang, Quanmin Li and Kai Jiang

Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 403, 38
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.062

A comprehensive review and classification of unit operations with assessment of outputs quality in lithium-ion battery recycling

Dario Latini, Marco Vaccari, Marco Lagnoni, Martina Orefice, Fabrice Mathieux, Jaco Huisman, Leonardo Tognotti and Antonio Bertei

Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 546, 231979
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231979

Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries

Fei Meng, James McNeice, Shirin S. Zadeh and Ahmad Ghahreman

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021, 42, 123
DOI: 10.1080/08827508.2019.1668387

A Study on the Leaching and Recovery of Lithium by Reaction between Ferric Chloride Etching Solution and Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Powder

Hee-Seon Kim, Dae-Weon Kim, Byung-Man Chae and Sang-Woo Lee

Resour. Recycl., 2023, 32, 9
DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2023.32.3.9

Recovery of Graphite from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Charlotte Badenhorst, Iwona Kuzniarska-Biernacka, Alexandra Guedes, Elsayed Mousa, Violeta Ramos, Gavin Rollinson, Guozhu Ye and Bruno Valentim

Recycling, 2023, 8, 79
DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050079

Recovery of Lithium, Iron, and Phosphorus from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries Using Stoichiometric Sulfuric Acid Leaching System

Huan Li, Shengzhou Xing, Yu Liu, Fujie Li, Hui Guo and Ge Kuang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 8017
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01594

Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries from the End Product Quality Perspective

Deise F. Barbosa de Mattos, Simon Duda and Martina Petranikova

Batteries, 2025, 11, 33
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11010033

Challenges in Recycling Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Spotlight on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Removal

Mengmeng Wang, Kang Liu, Jiadong Yu, Qiaozhi Zhang, Yuying Zhang, Marjorie Valix and Daniel C.W. Tsang

Global Challenges, 2023, 7
DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200237

De-agglomeration of cathode composites for direct recycling of Li-ion batteries

Ruiting Zhan, Trevyn Payne, Timothy Leftwich, Kathryn Perrine and Lei Pan

Waste Management, 2020, 105, 39
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.035

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Panpan Xu, Qiang Dai, Hongpeng Gao, Haodong Liu, Minghao Zhang, Mingqian Li, Yan Chen, Ke An, Ying Shirley Meng, Ping Liu, Yanran Li, Jeffrey S. Spangenberger, Linda Gaines, Jun Lu and Zheng Chen

Joule, 2020, 4, 2609
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.10.008

Application of H4P2O7 as leaching acid in one-step selective recovery for metals from spent LiFePO4 batteries

Kui Liu, Shenglong Yang, Feiyan Lai, Qingyu Li, Hongqiang Wang, Tao Tao, Dinghan Xiang and Xiaohui Zhang

Ionics, 2021, 27, 5127
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-021-04273-w

Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li‐Ion Battery Recycling

Xiaoxue Wu, Jun Ma, Junxiong Wang, Xuan Zhang, Guangmin Zhou and Zheng Liang

Global Challenges, 2022, 6
DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200067

Selective Separation and Recovery of Li from Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials by Oxidation Roasting Followed by Low-Acid Pressure Leaching

Zaoming Chen, Changquan Shen, Fupeng Liu and Jinliang Wang

Metals, 2023, 13, 1884
DOI: 10.3390/met13111884

A LiFePO4 regeneration method based on PVAc alcoholysis reaction

Lingyu Guan, Meihua Liu, Fan Yu, Tao Qiu, Tangbangguo Zhou and Xu Lin

Renewable Energy, 2021, 175, 559
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.129

Pyrometallurgical Technology in the Recycling of a Spent Lithium Ion Battery: Evolution and the Challenge

Mingxian Zhou, Bang Li, Jia Li and Zhenming Xu

ACS EST Eng., 2021, 1, 1369
DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00067

Capacity degradation in commercial Li-ion cells: The effects of charge protocol and temperature

Han Wang, Sarah Frisco, Eric Gottlieb, Rui Yuan and Jay F. Whitacre

Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 426, 67
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.034

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Subramanian Natarajan and Vanchiappan Aravindan

Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201802303

Direct relithiation and efficient regeneration of spent LiFePO4 materials through thermochemical healing

Yuanyi Zhu, Xiaojuan Jiao, Haidong Bian, Xiao-Ying Lu and Zheming Zhang

Ionics, 2023, 29, 4569
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-023-05143-3

Sustainable reprocessing of lithium iron phosphate batteries: A recovery approach using liquid-phase method at reduced temperature

Tingyan Ren, Bolin Zou, Bin Cai, Tong Liang, Junhao Chen, Rui Huang, Dahai Yang, Hongfa Xiang, Edison Huixiang Ang and Xiaohui Song

Waste Management, 2024, 183, 209
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.011

Novel Application of Repaired LiFePO4 as a Candidate Anode Material for Advanced Alkaline Rechargeable Batteries

Enbo Shangguan, Qin Wang, Chengke Wu, Siqi Wu, Mengting Ji, Jing Li, Zhaorong Chang and Quanmin Li

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 13312
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02885

An environmentally friendly process for selective recovery of lithium and simultaneous synthesis of LiFe5O8 from spent LiFePO4 battery by mechanochemical

Lixiang Wu, Fu-Shen Zhang, Zhi-Yuan Zhang and Cong-Cong Zhang

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 396, 136504
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136504

A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Weiguang Lv, Zhonghang Wang, Hongbin Cao, Yong Sun, Yi Zhang and Zhi Sun

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 1504
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03811

Recycled value-added circular energy materials for new battery application: Recycling strategies, challenges, and sustainability-a comprehensive review

Irin Sultana, Ying Chen, Shaoming Huang and Md Mokhlesur Rahman

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10, 108728
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108728

Direct regeneration and upcycling of cathode material from spent lithium ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives

Juan Wu, Li Xiao, Pengcheng Liu, Yirong Zhu and Jing Li

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 355, 129574
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.129574

Efficient Non‐Invasive Rejuvenation of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Through Controlled Overdischarge

Jinu Song, Yujie Chen, Nianji Zhang, Cancan Peng, Huan Li, Chao Ye and Shi‐Zhang Qiao

Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202522927

Sustainable Regeneration of High-Performance Li1–xNaxCoO2 from Cathode Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Jiawei Wu, Jiao Lin, Ersha Fan, Renjie Chen, Feng Wu and Li Li

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2021, 4, 2607
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c03192

Direct flotation separation of active materials from the black mass of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides-type spent lithium-ion batteries

Gilsang Hong, Hyunsu Park, Allan Gomez-Flores, Hyunjung Kim, Jung Mi Lee and Junseop Lee

Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 336, 126327
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126327

In situ recycling of Al foil and cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through exogenous advanced oxidation

Shuxuan Yan, Yudie Ou, Xueping Li, Lu Yuan, Xiangping Chen and Tao Zhou

Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 326, 124788
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124788

A comprehensive review on the recovery of cathode active materials via direct recycling from spent Li-ion batteries

Youngjun Shin, Seoa Kim, Sanghyuk Park, Jimin Lee, Jihyeon Bae, Dongwoo Kim, Hyeoncheol Joo, Sungho Ban, Haeun Lee, Yonghoon Kim and Kyungjung Kwon

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 187, 113693
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113693

Effective regeneration of scrapped LiFePO4 material from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xin Tang, Rui Wang, Yifei Ren, Jidong Duan, Jing Li and Pengyu Li

J Mater Sci, 2020, 55, 13036
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-020-04907-w

Melt growth of LiFePO4 crystals from Carbon-decorated LiFePO4 powder for recycling purpose

Chenxu Fang, Yiwen Dai, Chengming Hao and Handong Li

Ionics, 2025, 31, 12611
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-025-06800-5

Sustainable design of fully recyclable all solid-state batteries

Darren H. S. Tan, Panpan Xu, Hedi Yang, Min-cheol Kim, Han Nguyen, Erik A. Wu, Jean-Marie Doux, Abhik Banerjee, Ying Shirley Meng and Zheng Chen

MRS Energy & Sustainability, 2020, 7
DOI: 10.1557/mre.2020.25

Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Yachao Jin, Tong Zhang and Mingdao Zhang

Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202201526

Direct regeneration of spent LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 via thermal treatment and solid-state reaction: A closed-loop and versatile direct recycling process for Li-ion batteries degraded under various conditions

Phontip Tammawat, Thanathon Sesuk, Priew Eiamlamai, Pimpa Limthongkul and Nattanai Kunanusont

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 641, 236827
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236827

Research Progress on Green Recycling and Regeneration Technology of Waste Lithium Battery Cathode Materials

Hanbing Duan

FSD, 2026, 6, 137
DOI: 10.54691/nr6hm195

Environmental impact assessment of second life and recycling for LiFePO4 power batteries in China

Yixuan Wang, Baojun Tang, Meng Shen, Yizhou Wu, Shen Qu, Yujie Hu and Ye Feng

Journal of Environmental Management, 2022, 314, 115083
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115083

Green Recovery of Cathode Active Materials from Li-Ion Battery Electrode Scraps Using Propylene Carbonate: A Novel Approach for Direct Recycling

Md. Sajibul Alam Bhuyan and Hosop Shin

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 10677
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01278

Urban mining for graphite recovery from retired lithium-ion batteries and its valorization to valuable graphene materials: A comprehensive characterization study

Pratima Kumari and Sukha Ranjan Samadder

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 102, 113873
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113873

A novel three‐step approach to separate cathode components for lithium‐ion battery recycling

Yun Zhao, Ling‐Zhe Fang, Yu‐Qiong Kang, Li Wang, Yu‐Nan Zhou, Xin‐Yi Liu, Tao Li, Yan‐Xi Li, Zheng Liang, Zhe‐Xu Zhang and Bao‐Hua Li

Rare Metals, 2021, 40, 1431
DOI: 10.1007/s12598-020-01587-y

A Review on the Recovery of Lithium and Iron from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries

Chen Jing, Thanh Tuan Tran and Man Seung Lee

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2024, 45, 892
DOI: 10.1080/08827508.2024.2305382

Flotation separation in lithium-ion battery recycling: Challenges and recent advances

Qing Sun, Kai Zeng, Jingsi Chen, Hongjian Zhang and Hongbo Zeng

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 348, 103753
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103753

Trends of sustainable recycling technology for lithium‐ion batteries: Metal recovery from conventional metallurgical processes to innovative direct recycling

Yongteng Dong, Haocheng Ji, Xiaoxue Wu, Nengzhan Zheng, Junxiong Wang, Guanjun Ji, Yuanmao Chen, Guangmin Zhou and Zheng Liang

MetalMat, 2024, 1
DOI: 10.1002/metm.5

Direct recycling technologies of cathode in spent lithium-ion batteries

Yi Ji, Edwin E. Kpodzro, Chad T. Jafvert and Fu Zhao

CTR, 2021, 1, 124
DOI: 10.3934/ctr.2021007

Progress in the sustainable recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries

Min Fan, Xin Chang, Qinghai Meng, Li‐Jun Wan and Yu‐Guo Guo

SusMat, 2021, 1, 241
DOI: 10.1002/sus2.16

Recovery of active cathode materials from lithium-ion batteries using froth flotation

Ruiting Zhan, Zachary Oldenburg and Lei Pan

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2018, 17, e00062
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00062

Novel Test Procedure for Assessing Lead–Acid Batteries for Partial-State-of-Charge Duty Using Internal Resistance Charge Acceptance Technique

Max Parker and Richard McMahon

Batteries, 2025, 11, 131
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11040131

Challenges to Future Development of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries Recovery from Environmental and Technological Perspectives

Jiefeng Xiao, Jia Li and Zhenming Xu

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54, 9
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03725

Recent advances in pretreating technology for recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Guangwen Zhang, Xue Yuan, Yaqun He, Haifeng Wang, Tao Zhang and Weining Xie

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 406, 124332
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124332

Separation of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Active Materials by Vaporizing the Current Collector With Pulsed Current

Chengxiang Li, Pengfei Kou, Ming Dai, Yan Zhou, Cheng Yao, Xuzhao Gao and Yan Mi

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 2024, 52, 374
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3364241

In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO4 Electrode with Functionalized Prelithiation Separator

Min Fan, Qinghai Meng, Xin Chang, Chao‐Fan Gu, Xin‐Hai Meng, Ya‐Xia Yin, Hongliang Li, Li‐Jun Wan and Yu‐Guo Guo

Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202103630

Recovery and Reuse of Composite Cathode Binder in Lithium Ion Batteries

Amrita Sarkar, Richard May, Sapna Ramesh, Wesley Chang and Lauren E. Marbella

ChemistryOpen, 2021, 10, 545
DOI: 10.1002/open.202100060

A review of cathode and electrolyte recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: Recent technologies, processes and policies

Songming Zheng, Tao Chen, Yujie Fang, Chang He, Huamei Duan, Shan Ren and Chunbao Charles Xu

Resources Chemicals and Materials, 2024, 3, 188
DOI: 10.1016/j.recm.2024.01.003

A critical review of the circular economy for lithium-ion batteries and photovoltaic modules – status, challenges, and opportunities

Garvin A. Heath, Dwarakanath Ravikumar, Brianna Hansen and Elaine Kupets

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022, 72, 478
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2068878

Streamlining Ni‐Rich LiNixMnyCozO2 Cathode Black Mass Purification for Direct Recycling and Upcycling through the Alkoxythermal Process

Varun Gupta, Christopher Potts, Duc Tran, Hongpeng Gao, Mingqian Li, Jiao Lin and Zheng Chen

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202406083

A review of recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials using hydrometallurgical treatments

Joey Chung-Yen Jung, Pang-Chieh Sui and Jiujun Zhang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 35, 102217
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2020.102217

Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries

Chenxing Yi, Lijie Zhou, Xiqing Wu, Wei Sun, Longsheng Yi and Yue Yang

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 39, 37
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.014

N,N-Dimethylformamide Electrolyte Additive Via a Blocking Strategy Enables High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery under High Temperature

Lei You, Kaijia Duan, Ganbing Zhang, Wei Song, Tao Yang, Xin Song, Shiquan Wang and Jianwen Liu

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2019, 123, 5942
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01387

A review of new technologies for lithium-ion battery treatment

Yao Li, PengCheng Zhao and Boxiong Shen

Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 951, 175459
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175459

Selective Recovery of Li and Fe from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by an Environmentally Friendly Mechanochemical Approach

Ersha Fan, Li Li, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Yifan Bian, Qing Xue, Jiawei Wu, Feng Wu and Renjie Chen

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 11029
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02503

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Mengyuan Chen, Xiaotu Ma, Bin Chen, Renata Arsenault, Peter Karlson, Nakia Simon and Yan Wang

Joule, 2019, 3, 2622
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.014

Dehydrofluorination behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) during thermal treatment using calcium carbonate

Futoshi Tanaka, Lkhagvasuren Gungaajav, Osamu Terakado, Shunsuke Kuzuhara and Ryo Kasuya

Thermochimica Acta, 2021, 702, 178977
DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2021.178977

Crystallization process of FePO4 from acid solution and its application in spent LiFePO4 cathode powder recycling

Xiao-jian Wang, Ying Zhang, Shi-li Zheng, Yang Zhang, Shan Qiao and Zhi-qi Long

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 362, 131678
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131678

Exploring a sustainable and eco-friendly high-power ultrasonic method for direct regeneration of lithium iron phosphate

Xiaohui Song, Yijian Xu, Lixun Cheng, Tingyan Ren, Bin Cai, Dahai Yang, Junhao Chen, Tong Liang, Rui Huang, Edison Huixiang Ang, Xingqi Liao, Binghui Ge and Hongfa Xiang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 82, 110578
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.110578

Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions

Long Lv, Siqi Zhou, Changqi Liu, Yuan Sun, Jubing Zhang, Changsheng Bu, Junguang Meng and Yaji Huang

Molecules, 2024, 29, 3161
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133161

Lithium iron phosphate batteries recycling: An assessment of current status

Federica Forte, Massimiliana Pietrantonio, Stefano Pucciarmati, Massimo Puzone and Danilo Fontana

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021, 51, 2232
DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2020.1776053

Recent developments and the future of the recycling of spent graphite for energy storage applications

Ji-Rui Wang, Da-Hai Yang, Yi-Jian Xu, Xiang-Long Hou, Edison Huixiang Ang, De-Zhao Wang, Le Zhang, Zhen-Dong Zhu, Xu-Yong Feng, Xiao-Hui Song and Hong-Fa Xiang

New Carbon Materials, 2023, 38, 787
DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60777-2

Electric-field-induced assists in the preferential extraction of lithium from spent LiFePO4

Shangpei Yong and Yan Lin

Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 2025, 19, 100198
DOI: 10.1016/j.resenv.2025.100198

Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Yanqiu Tao, Christopher D. Rahn, Lynden A. Archer and Fengqi You

Sci. Adv., 2021, 7
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7633

Recent progress on the recycling technology of Li-ion batteries

Yuqing Wang, Ning An, Lei Wen, Lei Wang, Xiaotong Jiang, Feng Hou, Yuxin Yin and Ji Liang

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 55, 391
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.05.008

Spent LiFePO4: An old but vigorous peroxymonosulfate activator for degradation of organic pollutants in water

Pu Wang, Xiaoyi Lou, Qianqian Chen, Yujing Liu, Xiaohu Sun, Yaoguang Guo, Xiaojiao Zhang, Ruixue Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Shuai Chen, Li Zhang, Rui-Qin Zhang and Jie Guan

Environmental Research, 2022, 214, 113780
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113780

Examining green-sustainable approaches for recycling of lithium-ion batteries

Qi Zhao, Kuan Sun, Xun Wang, Qing Wang and John Wang

DeCarbon, 2024, 3, 100034
DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2023.100034

Recent progress in sustainable recycling of LiFePO4-type lithium-ion batteries: Strategies for highly selective lithium recovery

Jai Kumar, Rana R. Neiber, Jaewon Park, Razium Ali Soomro, George W. Greene, Shaukat Ali Mazari, Heun Young Seo, Jin Hong Lee, Minyoung Shon, Dong Wook Chang and Kie Yong Cho

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431, 133993
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133993

Potassium Pyrosulfate-Assisted Roasting and Water Leaching for Selectively Li and Fe Recycling from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Haozheng Hu, Xianghao Meng, Yin Li, Yusong Yang, Yanqiu Xu, Junxian Hu and Yaochun Yao

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 16553
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c04236

Removal of Organics by Pyrolysis for Enhancing Liberation and Flotation Behavior of Electrode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Guangwen Zhang, Yaqun He, Haifeng Wang, Yi Feng, Weining Xie and Xiangnan Zhu

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2020, 8, 2205
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05896

Aluminum separation by sulfuric acid leaching-solvent extraction from Al-bearing LiFePO4/C powder for recycling of Fe/P

Yehuizi Wu, Kanggen Zhou, Xuekai Zhang, Changhong Peng, Yang Jiang and Wei Chen

Waste Management, 2022, 144, 303
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.007

A critical review of current technologies for the liberation of electrode materials from foils in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries

Yaqun He, Xue Yuan, Guangwen Zhang, Haifeng Wang, Tao Zhang, Weining Xie and Liping Li

Science of The Total Environment, 2021, 766, 142382
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142382

Improved Advanced Oxidation Process for In Situ Recycling of Al Foils and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Shuxuan Yan, Youzhou Jiang, Xiangping Chen and Tao Zhou

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2022, 61, 12728
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01286

Ambient-temperature aqueous electrochemical route for direct Re-functionalization of spent LFP cathodes of lithium-ion batteries

François Larouche, Kamyab Amouzegar, Ashok Vijh and George P. Demopoulos

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 624, 235533
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235533

Investigation of the structural and electrical behavior of LiFePO4 as cathode material for energy storage application

Prakash Chand, Sukesh Kumar, Vishal Singh and Nitin P. Singh

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, 32, 483
DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.624

Comprehensive recycling of spent automotive lithium-ion batteries in China: Full-chain processes and recycling strategies

Shanshan Xue, Yu Xia, Jiaxiao Wang and Qianhui Liu

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, 106, 101
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.032

Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Yuanqi Lan, Xinke Li, Guangmin Zhou, Wenjiao Yao, Hui‐Ming Cheng and Yongbing Tang

Advanced Science, 2024, 11
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304425

Recycling of LiFePO4 cathode materials: From laboratory scale to industrial production

Minghui Shan, Chenyang Dang, Kai Meng, Yunteng Cao, Xiaoqing Zhu, Jia Zhang, Guiyin Xu and Meifang Zhu

Materials Today, 2024, 73, 130
DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2023.12.012

A fast and efficient method for selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate battery

Huajian Shentu, Bo Xiang, Ya-Jun Cheng, Tao Dong, Jie Gao and Yonggao Xia

Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021, 23, 101569
DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101569

A novel pulsated pneumatic separation with variable-diameter structure and its application in the recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

Xueshuai Zhu, Chenyu Zhang, Ping Feng, Xizu Yang and Xiaojuan Yang

Waste Management, 2021, 131, 20
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.027

Water‐facilitated targeted repair of degraded cathodes for sustainable lithium‐ion batteries

Jiao Lin, Xiaodong Zhang, Zhujie Li, Ersha Fan, Xiaowei Lv, Renjie Chen, Feng Wu and Li Li

SusMat, 2024, 4
DOI: 10.1002/sus2.194

Sustainable and Facile Method for the Selective Recovery of Lithium from Cathode Scrap of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Jialiang Zhang, Juntao Hu, Yubo Liu, Qiankun Jing, Cheng Yang, Yongqiang Chen and Chengyan Wang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2019, 7, 5626
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00404

Oxidizing Roasting Behavior and Leaching Performance for the Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Yun Li, Duoqiang Zhao, Yanqing Lai and Yongming Chen

Minerals, 2020, 10, 949
DOI: 10.3390/min10110949

Streamlined Precise Delamination and Structural Restoration of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials

Yuxin Fan, Shiwen Gong, Jiajun Li, Pinxian Jiang, Fangyan Liu, Shuaipeng Hao, Jianlong Cong, Qiming Zhao, Mengzhao Wang, Jing Xu, Xiaoxiang Wang, Aiqi He, Jiwei Ma, Yu Ding, Yifei Yu, Renyuan Zhang, Guangmin Zhou and Yunhui Huang

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.70768

Facile and efficient regeneration of LiFePO4 battery cathode using a multifunctional lithium source

Xiaoru Liang, Qingyuan Luo, Zhan Lin and Chao Chen

Applied Physics Letters, 2025, 127
DOI: 10.1063/5.0265973

Ultrafast Material Separation by Electrochemical Delamination for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling

Erkang Feng, Peng Li, Ziyu Huang, Wenyan Zan, Teng Wang, Zhenyu Ren, Mingyue Xu, Hao Bi, Yanze Liu, Guoyong Huang, Wenjing Lu, Sidian Li, Dongbei Yue and Bing Deng

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 16872
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c06070

Structural Composition and Disassembly Techniques for Efficient Recycling of Waste Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Zhiqi Zhu and Xu Gao

Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2025, 9
DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202400610

Exploring the Potential and Roadblocks of Marketable Energy‐Storage Technologies for Renewable Energy

Mukund Srivastava, Brindha Ramasubramanian, Uday Kumar Ghorui, Goutam Kumar Dalapati, Vimalnath Selvaraj, Avishek Kumar, Sajal Biring, Camila Silva Ribeiro, Siddhartha Ghosh, Satheesh Krishnamurthy and Sabyasachi Chakrabortty

Energy Tech, 2025, 13
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202402405

Performance analysis of regenerated cathode active materials for Li-ion batteries via direct recycling

Seunghyeon Baek, Huisu Jeung, Sunmin Lee, Yuri Kim, Insoo Jung, Seonghyeon Yu, Youngjun Shin, Hee Young Sun and Kyungjung Kwon

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 103, 114214
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114214

Potential‐Regulated Design for Direct Recycling of Degraded LiFePO4 Cathode

Xuejing Qiu, Chenyan Wang, Yuxiang Chen, Zhimin Du, Lingling Xie, Qing Han, Limin Zhu, Xiaoyu Cao and Xiaobo Ji

Small, 2024, 20
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402278

Comprehensive review and comparison on pretreatment of spent lithium-ion battery

Tianming Gao, Tao Dai, Na Fan, Zhongkui Han and Xin Gao

Journal of Environmental Management, 2024, 363, 121314
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121314

Direct recycling of Li‐ion batteries from cell to pack level: Challenges and prospects on technology, scalability, sustainability, and economics

Joseph Jegan Roy, Do Minh Phuong, Vivek Verma, Richa Chaudhary, Michael Carboni, Daniel Meyer, Bin Cao and Madhavi Srinivasan

Carbon Energy, 2024, 6
DOI: 10.1002/cey2.492

Machine Learning-Driven Optimization of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Regeneration

Mohammed Alyoubi, Imtiaz Ali and Amr M. Abdelkader

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 3349
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c10415

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives

Bin Huang, Zhefei Pan, Xiangyu Su and Liang An

Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 399, 274
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.116

Structural evolution of layered oxide cathodes for spent Li–ion batteries: Degradation mechanism and repair strategy

Shan Jin, Jianquan Liang, Deying Mu, Tianning Lin, Yuyang Tian, Jian Zhang, Yue Wang, Meng Chen, Qingmo Shi and Changsong Dai

SusMat, 2023, 3, 362
DOI: 10.1002/sus2.126

Electrochemical Performance of Recycled Cathode Active Materials Using Froth Flotation-based Separation Process

Hosop Shin, Ruiting Zhan, Kulwinder S Dhindsa, Lei Pan and Taehee Han

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2020, 167, 020504
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab6280

Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Yingqi Lu, Kaiyuan Peng and Lingen Zhang

ACS EST Eng., 2022, 2, 586
DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00425

Recycling metal resources from various spent batteries to prepare electrode materials for energy storage: A critical review

Pei Gao, Peng Yuan, Tian Yue, Xiaolan Zhao and Boxiong Shen

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 68, 107652
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107652

RETRACTED: Reverse flotation process for the recovery of pyrolytic LiFePO4

Chunxiao Zhao and Xuehu Zhong

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2020, 596, 124741
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124741

Toward Circular Energy: Exploring Direct Regeneration for Lithium‐Ion Battery Sustainability

Xiaoxue Wu, Yuhang Liu, Junxiong Wang, Yihong Tan, Zheng Liang and Guangmin Zhou

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403818

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li3NbO4-based cation-disordered rock-salt cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

Xiaojian Fan, Qianwan Qin, Dongming Liu, Aichun Dou, Mingru Su, Yunjian Liu and Jun Pan

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 797, 961
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.163

The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies

Li Li, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Matthew Li, Renjie Chen, Feng Wu, Khalil Amine and Jun Lu

Electrochem. Energ. Rev., 2018, 1, 461
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1

Interfacial Metal‐Solvent Chelation for Direct Regeneration of LiFePO4 Cathode Black Mass

Junfeng Li, Ruyu Shi, Junxiong Wang, Yang Cao, Haocheng Ji, Jie Tang, Guanjun Ji, Wen Chen, Mengtian Zhang, Xiao Xiao and Guangmin Zhou

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202414235

Recycling phosphorus from spent LiFePO4 battery for multifunctional slow-release fertilizer preparation and simultaneous recovery of Lithium

Xiao-Hui Yue, Cong-Cong Zhang, Wan-Bing Zhang, Yunfei Wang and Fu-Shen Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 426, 131311
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131311

Recycling Technologies for Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries: An Overview

Zhiwei Wang, Xin Chen, Lili Xing, Yurong Zhang, Mengjie Liu, Chengwei Zou, Wentianyu Zhang, Saifei Pan, Haojie Li and Xuetao Wang

Materials, 2026, 19, 674
DOI: 10.3390/ma19040674

Removal of iron and aluminum from hydrometallurgical NMC-LFP recycling process through precipitation

Yuanmin Zou, Alexander Chernyaev, Sipi Seisko, Jani Sainio and Mari Lundström

Minerals Engineering, 2024, 218, 109037
DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2024.109037

Constructing a Homogeneous Medium Layer To Promote the Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate

Meng Xiao, Xiaopeng Fu, Meihua Chen, Meng Ye, Chaoqiong Zhu, Fang Wan and Xiaodong Guo

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 12199
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c20621

Towards Greener Recycling: Direct Repair of Cathode Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Jiahui Zhou, Xia Zhou, Wenhao Yu, Zhen Shang and Shengming Xu

Electrochem. Energy Rev., 2024, 7
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00206-5

Selective recovery of Li and FePO4 from spent LiFePO4 cathode scraps by organic acids and the properties of the regenerated LiFePO4

Jai Kumar, Xing Shen, Bo Li, Huizhou Liu and Junmei Zhao

Waste Management, 2020, 113, 32
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.046

Selective leaching of lithium ions from LiFePO4 powders using hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite system

Wei Liu, Kang Li, Wei Wang, Yulei Hu, Zhongqi Ren and Zhiyong Zhou

Can J Chem Eng, 2023, 101, 1831
DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24617

Direct regeneration of cathode materials in spent lithium-ion batteries toward closed-loop recycling and sustainability

Baichao Zhang, Yunlong Xu, Debbie S. Silvester, Craig E. Banks, Wentao Deng, Guoqiang Zou, Hongshuai Hou and Xiaobo Ji

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 589, 233728
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233728

Diversified battery recycling: Advances in recovery techniques and value-added functional applications

Hao Luo, Dan Su, Shuzhe Yang, Yukun Li, Zhengxiang Shan, Mengting Zheng, Min Hong, Tiefeng Liu and Mi Lu

Nano Energy, 2025, 139, 110973
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110973

Fast Determination of Lithium Content in Spent Cathodes for Direct Battery Recycling

Xuemin Li, Fulya Dogan, Yingqi Lu, Christopher Antunes, Ying Shi, Anthony Burrell and Chunmei Ban

Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2020, 4
DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202000073

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: A critical review

Chunwei Liu, Jiao Lin, Hongbin Cao, Yi Zhang and Zhi Sun

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 228, 801
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.304

Compensation of active lithium and performance regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries via prelithiation-driven processes

Zhiwei Lin, Chen Yang, Liqian Li, Zhen Tong and Mi Lu

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 168, 122597
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.122597

A green and effective room-temperature recycling process of LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Li Li, Yifan Bian, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Ying Yao, Qing Xue, Ersha Fan, Feng Wu and Renjie Chen

Waste Management, 2019, 85, 437
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.012

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part II: Environmental and Economic Perspective

Anna Pražanová, Vaclav Knap and Daniel-Ioan Stroe

Energies, 2022, 15, 7356
DOI: 10.3390/en15197356

Challenges and perspectives towards direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode

Xuejing Qiu, Chenyan Wang, Lingling Xie, Limin Zhu, Xiaoyu Cao and Xiaobo Ji

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 602, 234365
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234365

Direct Recycling of Aged LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials used in Aqueous Lithium‐ion Batteries: Processes and Sensitivities

Han Wang and Jay F. Whitacre

Energy Tech, 2018, 6, 2429
DOI: 10.1002/ente.201800315

Gas evolution characterization and phase transformation during thermal treatment of cathode plates from spent LiFePO4 batteries

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Fang Hu, Yun Li, Longgang Ye, Duoqiang Zhao, Wei Jin, Cong Chang, Yanqing Lai and Yongming Chen

Thermochimica Acta, 2020, 684, 178483
DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2019.178483

A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Guangwen Zhang, Zhongxing Du, Yaqun He, Haifeng Wang, Weining Xie and Tao Zhang

Sustainability, 2019, 11, 2363
DOI: 10.3390/su11082363

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

François Larouche, Farouk Tedjar, Kamyab Amouzegar, Georges Houlachi, Patrick Bouchard, George P. Demopoulos and Karim Zaghib

Materials, 2020, 13, 801
DOI: 10.3390/ma13030801

Sulfuric acid leaching of ball-milling activated FePO4 residue after lithium extraction from spent lithium iron phosphate cathode powder

Xiao-jian Wang, Shi-li Zheng, Ying Zhang, Yang Zhang, Shan Qiao, Zhi-qi Long, Bo Zhao and Zhe-fei Li

Waste Management, 2022, 153, 31
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.009

Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review

Nianji Zhang, Zhixiao Xu, Wenjing Deng and Xiaolei Wang

Electrochem. Energy Rev., 2022, 5
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6

Re-synthesis of nano-structured LiFePO4/graphene composite derived from spent lithium-ion battery for booming electric vehicle application

Wei Song, Jianwen Liu, Lei You, Shiquan Wang, Qinwen Zhou, Yinglong Gao, Ruonan Yin, Wenjia Xu and Zaiping Guo

Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 419, 192
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.02.065

Comprehensive recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Fundamentals, pretreatment, and perspectives

Wenhao Yu, Yi Guo, Shengming Xu, Yue Yang, Yufeng Zhao and Jiujun Zhang

Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 54, 172
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.10.033

Recovery and regeneration of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries via a novel pretreatment process

Cheng Yang, Jia-liang Zhang, Qian-kun Jing, Yu-bo Liu, Yong-qiang Chen and Cheng-yan Wang

Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2021, 28, 1478
DOI: 10.1007/s12613-020-2137-6

Evaluating environmental impacts and economic performance of remanufacturing electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries

Meihan Yu, Bo Bai, Siqin Xiong and Xiawei Liao

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 321, 128935
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128935

Reuse, Recycle, and Regeneration of LiFePO4 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Rechargeable Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Binitha Gangaja, Shantikumar Nair and Dhamodaran Santhanagopalan

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 4711
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08487

Efficient Recycling Processes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Sabyasachi Paul and Pranav Shrotriya

Materials, 2025, 18, 613
DOI: 10.3390/ma18030613

Waste Organic Compounds Thermal Treatment and Valuable Cathode Materials Recovery from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries by Vacuum Pyrolysis

Yafei Jie, Shenghai Yang, Yun Li, Fang Hu, Duoqiang Zhao, Di Chang, Yanqing Lai and Yongming Chen

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2020, 8, 19084
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07424

A facile strategy for recovering spent LiFePO4 and LiMn2O4 cathode materials to produce high performance LiMnxFe1-xPO4/C cathode materials

Hancheng Shi, Yibo Zhang, Peng Dong, Xuesong Huang, Jingjing He, Jianguo Duan, Ding Wang and Yingjie Zhang

Ceramics International, 2020, 46, 11698
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.01.201

Selective lithium recovery and regeneration of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries: An efficient and green process

Haozheng Hu, Yaochun Yao, Xianghao Meng, Yin Li, Keyu Zhang, Shaoze Zhang, Yusong Yang, Yanqiu Xu and Junxian Hu

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 631, 236179
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236179

Recycling of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using mechanochemical activation and solid-state sintering

Xiangqi Meng, Jie Hao, Hongbin Cao, Xiao Lin, Pengge Ning, Xiaohong Zheng, Junjun Chang, Xihua Zhang, Bao Wang and Zhi Sun

Waste Management, 2019, 84, 54
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.034

A sustainable closed-loop method of selective oxidation leaching and regeneration for lithium iron phosphate cathode materials from spent batteries

Rui Gong, Chenchen Li, Qi Meng, Peng Dong, Yingjie Zhang, Bao Zhang, Jin Yan and Yong Li

Journal of Environmental Management, 2022, 319, 115740
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115740

Scalable Direct Recycling of Cathode Black Mass from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Varun Gupta, Xiaolu Yu, Hongpeng Gao, Christopher Brooks, Weikang Li and Zheng Chen

Advanced Energy Materials, 2023, 13
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202203093

The recovery of critical elements (Li, Co, Ni, Mn) from waste Lithium-Ion batteries using deep eutectic solvent: A review

Ridho Nahrowi, M. Widya Aryani, Azwar Manaf, Anton Sapto Handoko, Erik Prasetyo, Suharto Suharto, Diah Susanti, Hanif Amrulloh and Fathan Bahfie

Hydrometallurgy, 2026, 242, 106689
DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106689

Near-to-Stoichiometric Acidic Recovery of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries through Induced Crystallization

Yan Liu, Weiguang Lv, Xiaohong Zheng, Dingshan Ruan, Yongxia Yang, Hongbin Cao and Zhi Sun

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 3183
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08163

Advances and challenges in recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries

Biyun Luo, Bin Xu, Qunxuan Yan, Yujiuan Zhou, Zhongling Dong, Xiujiao Huang and Zixiang Zhao

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 362, 131780
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131780

Process Optimization for the Preparation of the Lithium Iron Phosphate Precursor FePO4·2H2O by Anodic Oxidation Method

Yang Shao, Ziyuan Liu, Chengping Li, Ying Liu, Zhengfu Zhang, Rundong Wan, Jinsong Wang, Xiaoping Yang, Rui Bao, Yingjie Zhang, Jianhong Yi, Peng Dong and Ding Wang

Materials, 2025, 18, 2555
DOI: 10.3390/ma18112555

Efficient separation of Fe and Li from spent LiFePO4 materials and preparation of high-performance P-C/FeS anode material by cation exchange resin

Shenglong Yang, Ying Shi, Qingyu Li, Kui Liu, Hongqiang Wang, Qichang Pan, Xiaohui Zhang, Guangchang Yang and Yan Su

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 476, 146554
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146554

Recycling methods for different cathode chemistries – A critical review

Yifeng Wang, Eider Goikolea, Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez and Qi Zhang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 56, 106053
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.106053

DES-based leachates containing LCO, NMC or NCA oxides as electrolytes for 2.2 V supercapacitors

Laura González-Aguilera, José Manuel Vicent-Luna, M. Luisa Ferrer, Francisco del Monte and María C. Gutiérrez

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 506, 159839
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159839

Electrochemical Restoration of Battery Materials Guided by Synchrotron Radiation Technology for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Lei Wang, Yihao Shen, Yuanlong Liu, Pan Zeng, Junxia Meng, Tiefeng Liu and Liang Zhang

Small Methods, 2023, 7
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201658

Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as materials for metal-ion batteries – A comprehensive review

Ilya V. Chepkasov, Stanislav A. Evlashin and Alexander G. Kvashnin

Progress in Materials Science, 2026, 161, 101713
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101713

Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation

Tao Wang, Huimin Luo, Yaocai Bai, Jianlin Li, Ilias Belharouak and Sheng Dai

Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202001204

Sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling: A review on technologies, regulatory approaches and future trends

S. Srinivasan, S. Shanthakumar and B. Ashok

Energy Reports, 2025, 13, 789
DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.12.043

State-of-the-art review on liberation of cathode material in pretreatment recycling of spent lithium-ion battery

Chenye Wang, Ren Tao, Peng Xing, Jun Ni, Zhigen Cun, Shaojun Liu, Xingrui Wang, Yu Dai, Zhibin Long, Zhenhua Sun and Huiquan Li

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2025, 218, 108257
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108257

Engineering classification recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries through pretreatment: a comprehensive review from laboratory to scale‐up application

Shu‐Xuan Yan, You‐Zhou Jiang, Xiang‐Ping Chen, Lu Yuan, Ting‐Ting Min, Yu Cao, Wan‐Li Peng and Tao Zhou

Rare Metals, 2024, 43, 915
DOI: 10.1007/s12598-023-02377-y

The Current Process for the Recycling of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Li-Feng Zhou, Dongrun Yang, Tao Du, He Gong and Wen-Bin Luo

Front. Chem., 2020, 8
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.578044

Status and Trends of Direct Lithium Extraction Technology

Junho Shin, Jae-Min Jeong, Jungho Ryu, Jun-Hwan Bang, Sun Kyung Kim and Taegong Ryu

J. Korean Soc. Miner. Energy Resour. Eng., 2023, 60, 326
DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2023.60.5.326

Green pathways to closed-loop regeneration: Emerging direct recycling strategies for spent cathodes in lithium-ion batteries

Xiaoyu Zhao, Wei Zhao, Qianning Ma, Muhan Li, Zhiyang He, Liang Zhu, Yanfei Wang, Faming Gao and Hui Ying Yang

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 82, 104657
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104657

Regenerating the used LiFePO4 to high performance cathode via mechanochemical activation assisted V5+ doping

Bin Xu, Peng Dong, Jianguo Duan, Ding Wang, Xuesong Huang and Yingjie Zhang

Ceramics International, 2019, 45, 11792
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.03.057

Electrochemical Synergistic Recycling: Coupling Lithium Extraction with Regeneration of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials

Chun Liu, Fan Xiao, Zeheng Yang, Longjin Jiang, Dekun Gao and Weixin Zhang

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2024, 63, 15291
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c01848

Environmental and economic assessment of structural repair technologies for spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials

Jiao Lin, Jiawei Wu, Ersha Fan, Xiaodong Zhang, Renjie Chen, Feng Wu and Li Li

Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2022, 29, 942
DOI: 10.1007/s12613-022-2430-7

A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Principles, Challenges and Opportunities

Panpan Xu, Darren H. S. Tan, Binglei Jiao, Hongpeng Gao, Xiaolu Yu and Zheng Chen

Adv Funct Materials, 2023, 33
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202213168

A novel acid-free leaching route of recovering Li2CO3 and FePO4 from spent LiFePO4 black powder

Fangfang Sun, Mai Gao, Wenbin Jiao, Liang Qi, Zhaocheng He, Hongzhou Zhang, Yuancheng Cao, Dawei Song and Lianqi Zhang

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 965, 171429
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171429

Direct regeneration and performance of spent LiFePO4 via a green efficient hydrothermal technique

Biaobing Chen, Min Liu, Shuang Cao, Hui Hu, Gairong Chen, Xiaowei Guo and Xianyou Wang

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 924, 166487
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166487

Direct recovery: A sustainable recycling technology for spent lithium-ion battery

Jiawei Wu, Mengting Zheng, Tiefeng Liu, Yao Wang, Yujing Liu, Jianwei Nai, Liang Zhang, Shanqing Zhang and Xinyong Tao

Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 54, 120
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.09.029

Highly selective and green recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powders with ozone

Ruiqi Li, Kang Li, Wei Wang, Fan Zhang, Shichao Tian, Zhongqi Ren and Zhiyong Zhou

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17, 749
DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2261-0

Efficient recovery of phosphorus and iron from the lithium extraction slag by the leaching precipitation method

Tao Tu, Xiuyuan Yu and Qingsheng Liu

Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2025, 64, 644
DOI: 10.1080/00084433.2024.2357856

Coupling flexible stripping with efficient impurity removal for high-quality regeneration of spent LiFePO4 materials

Qichang Lu, Zhengjun Peng, Xinbin Nie, Zenghu Zhu and Min Wang

Waste Management, 2025, 206, 115053
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115053

Sustainable paths to a circular economy: reusing aged Li-ion FePO4 cathodes within Na-ion cells

Emanuele Gucciardi, Montserrat Galceran, Ainhoa Bustinza, Emilie Bekaert and Montse Casas-Cabanas

J. Phys. Mater., 2021, 4, 034002
DOI: 10.1088/2515-7639/abf08f

Direct NCA Cathode Active Materials Recycling from Spent Li-Ion Batteries: Solvent-Free Recovery and Healing by Heat Treatment

Hamid Oubaha, Lahcen Fkhar, Rudi Cloots, Frédéric Boschini and Abdelfattah Mahmoud

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage., 2024, 1, 1791
DOI: 10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00133

A review of physical processes used in the safe recycling of lithium ion batteries

Roberto Sommerville, James Shaw-Stewart, Vannessa Goodship, Neil Rowson and Emma Kendrick

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2020, 25, e00197
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00197

Preprocessing of spent lithium-ion batteries for recycling: Need, methods, and trends

Hayder Ali, Hassan Abbas Khan and Michael Pecht

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 168, 112809
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112809

Fluoride ion-mediated differential coordination separation of Al (III) and Fe (III) for regeneration of low-aluminum, high-purity battery-grade iron phosphate

Fei Han, Yaohui Xie, Lin Qu, Zhenzhou Wang, Wei Zhang, Guang Yang, Huiqin Hu, Meiting Huang, Haoxuan Yu, Liming Yang and Xubiao Luo

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2025, 221, 108404
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108404

A sustainable revival process for defective LiFePO4 cathodes through the synergy of defect-targeted healing and in-situ construction of 3D-interconnected porous carbon networks

Jing Sun, Zhenyu Jiang, Pingshan Jia, Su Li, Wenlong Wang, Zhanlong Song, Yanpeng Mao, Xiqiang Zhao and Bingqian Zhou

Waste Management, 2023, 158, 125
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.012

A Sustainable Closed-Loop Process of Oxidation Leaching and Regeneration for Lithium Iron Phosphate Materials from Spent Batteries

Rui Gong, Chenchen Li, Qi Meng, Peng Dong, Yingjie Zhang, Bao Zhang, Jin Yan and Li Yong

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4068655

The Recycling of Lithium from LiFePO4 Batteries into Li2CO3 and Its Use as a CO2 Absorber in Hydrogen Purification

Zoltán Köntös and Ádám Gyöngyössy

Clean Technol., 2024, 6, 1504
DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol6040072

Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

Jin Yan, Ji Qian, Yu Li, Li Li, Feng Wu and Renjie Chen

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202405055

Towards Sustainable Direct Recycling: Unraveling Structural Degradation Induced by Thermal Pretreatment of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes

Shuaiwei Liu, Oleksandr Dolotko, Thomas Bergfeldt, Michael Knapp and Helmut Ehrenberg

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400727

Separation and Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries for Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review

Silong Liu, Qun Li, Chenyang Lu, Luxi Tan, Dong Xia, Lichun Dong and Cailong Zhou

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2024, 63, 13945
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c01742

Selective Copper Removal from an Fe–P–Cu Alloy Recovered by Pyrometallurgical Reduction of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries via Sulfidation–Slag Refining

Jin-Seong Yoon, A-Jin Im and Jei-Pil Wang

Materials, 2026, 19, 1185
DOI: 10.3390/ma19061185

A method for recovering Li3PO4 from spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material through high-temperature activation

Shengdong Tao, Jian Li, Lihua Wang, Leshan Hu and Hongming Zhou

Ionics, 2019, 25, 5643
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-019-03070-w

Evaluation of the sustainability of technologies to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries, based on embodied energy and carbon footprint

Ario Fahimi, Serena Ducoli, Stefania Federici, Guozhu Ye, Elsayed Mousa, Patrizia Frontera and Elza Bontempi

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 338, 130493
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493

Direct Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Green Solvents toward Sustainable Battery Material Recovery

Nezha Bouchador, Lamia Boutajanouit, Kabore Thierry Silvère, Hiba El Fallah, Amine Chamkhi, Maria Brzhezinskaya, Christian B. Fischer, Jones Alami, Mouad Dahbi and Amina Amarray

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2026, 123360
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2026.123360

The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: A review on current progresses and technologies from an industrial utilization perspective

Jiawei Du, Guiqing Zhang, Jialin Qing, Kaiyuan Fang, Zuoying Cao, Qinggang Li, Mingyu Wang, Wenjuan Guan, Xinsheng Wu and Shengxi Wu

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2026, 542, 147582
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147582

Data-driven development of a universal quantitative metric for lithium-ion battery cathode rate performance

Jungwook Choi, Huisu Jeung, Chan Mi Jeon, Seoa Kim, Junghwan Kim and Kyungjung Kwon

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 89, 105172
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.105172

Effect of Cu impurity on the electrochemical performance of regenerated LiFePO4/C electrode materials

Yongzhi Chen, Lihua Wang, Jian Li, Shengdong Tao, Qiang Gan and Xiaolin Tang

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron, 2020, 31, 10460
DOI: 10.1007/s10854-020-03594-2

Recycling of lithium ion battery cathodes by targeted regeneration

Hui Song, Zhongyi Zhang, Lifu Zhang, Wenjuan Dong, Yang Ding, Zhifu Wang, Hao Wang, Heming Deng and Qi Cheng

Ionics, 2023, 29, 3543
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-023-05134-4

Spent rather than pristine LiFePO4 cathode materials can catalytically activate sulfite for organic pollutants decontamination

Pu Wang, Xiaoyi Lou, Xiaohu Sun, Qianqian Chen, Yujing Liu, Yaoguang Guo, Xiaojiao Zhang, Jie Guan, Ruixue Wang, Rui-Qin Zhang, Zhaohui Wang and Weixing Gu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446, 137123
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137123

Atık LFP Bataryaların Geri Dönüşümü

Gizem AVCI and Alp ÖZDEMİR

Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji, 2023, 11, 997
DOI: 10.29109/gujsc.1332596

Recycled cathode materials enabled superior performance for lithium-ion batteries

Xiaotu Ma, Mengyuan Chen, Zhangfeng Zheng, Dennis Bullen, Jun Wang, Chloe Harrison, Eric Gratz, Yulin Lin, Zhenzhen Yang, Youtian Zhang, Fan Wang, David Robertson, Seoung-Bum Son, Ira Bloom, Jianguo Wen, Mingyuan Ge, Xianghui Xiao, Wah-Keat Lee, Ming Tang, Qiang Wang, Jinzhao Fu, Yubin Zhang, Bryer C. Sousa, Renata Arsenault, Peter Karlson, Nakia Simon and Yan Wang

Joule, 2021, 5, 2955
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.005

Beyond the Limits of Lithium Iron Phosphate: Cutting‐Edge Innovations Toward High Performance and Sustainability for Next‐Generation Batteries

Ashok Kumar Kakarla, Zarmeena Akhtar, Jongsoon Kim, Moonsu Yoon, Dongsoo Lee and Junghyun Choi

Interdisciplinary Materials, 2025, 4, 812
DOI: 10.1002/idm2.70024

Process for recycle of spent lithium iron phosphate battery via a selective leaching-precipitation method

Hao-yu Li, Hua Ye, Ming-cang Sun and Wu-jie Chen

J. Cent. South Univ., 2020, 27, 3239
DOI: 10.1007/s11771-020-4543-3

Economical recycling process for spent lithium-ion batteries and macro- and micro-scale mechanistic study

Li Li, Yifan Bian, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Qing Xue, Ersha Fan, Feng Wu and Renjie Chen

Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 377, 70
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.006

Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Material by a Green and Efficient One-Step Hydrothermal Method

Qiankun Jing, Jialiang Zhang, Yubo Liu, Wenjuan Zhang, Yongqiang Chen and Chengyan Wang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2020, 8, 17622
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07166

A green process to recover valuable metals from the spent ternary lithium-ion batteries

Yu Wang, Zhiqiang Xu, Xi Zhang, Enze Yang and Yanan Tu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2022, 299, 121782
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121782

Research on green recycling of lithium-ion batteries cathode waste powder

Guoqing Ding, Fanfan Liu, Xiaomeng Fan, Xinyue Gao, Guoqin Cao, Jinjin Ban, Zhenzhen Li and Junhua Hu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 493, 152837
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.152837

Recycling and Reutilization of Metals Aided by Deep Eutectic Solvents: from NMC Cathodes of Spent Li‐ion Batteries to Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

Boren Xu, Noel Díez, Marta Sevilla, María L. Ferrer, María C. Gutiérrez and Francisco del Monte

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401128