Diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of inorganic nanomaterials in lymphatic system diseases

Abstract

Lymphatic system diseases, such as lymphoma and lymphedema, present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the complex structure of the system and the risk of damaging healthy tissues by using conventional treatments. In recent years, inorganic nanomaterials (INMs) have emerged as powerful theranostic agents due to their tunable sizes, unique optical/magnetic properties, and facile surface functionalization. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in leveraging a range of INMs, using techniques including X-ray and photoacoustic imaging, high-resolution fluorescence tracking, and controlled drug delivery in the management of lymphatic diseases. We elaborate on their roles not only as contrast agents for precise anatomical and functional imaging of lymphatic vessels and nodes but also as targeted therapeutic platforms for photothermal therapy, and combination treatments. A significant portion is dedicated to the design and application of all-in-one nanoplatforms that integrate real-time diagnostic monitoring with spatially controlled therapeutic intervention, thereby achieving true “visualized therapy.” The significance of this work lies in articulating how these nano-engineered strategies can overcome biological barriers, enable high-precision theranostics, and potentially revolutionize patient outcomes. Finally, we discuss the current challenges regarding long-term biocompatibility and clinical translation and provide an outlook on the future integration of INMs with emerging technologies for personalized medicine.