Bridging MOFs and MXenes: from synthesis to environmental and energy technologies

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes have emerged as complementary materials with distinct properties; MOFs offer tunable porosity and functional diversity, while MXenes provide strong electrical conductivity and surface reactivity. Their incorporation into MOF/MXene composites gives excellent performance across various environmental and energy applications. This study focuses on recent breakthroughs in the synthesis of MOF/MXene composites, including hydrothermal, green, self-assembly, and in situ approaches. Furthermore, the applications of MXene/MOFs in dye and pharmaceutical degradation are thoroughly discussed. Moreover, the present work also elucidates their applications in hydrogen production and supercapacitor development. The structure–function linkages and material design strategies are examined, giving insight into how the hybrids transcend their specific limits. Finally, key challenges and opportunities are identified to guide future research into scalable and efficient MOF/MXene-based technologies for sustainable environmental and energy systems. This work will contribute predominantly to the ongoing advancement in MXene/MOF hybrid design with applications in various technology sectors, including wastewater treatment, hydrogen production and supercapacitors.