A comprehensive review of the chemical and structural behavior of MgCO3·3H2O nesquehonite: insights into its stability and functionality

Abstract

Considering the geological abundance, stability, and pivotal role of nesquehonite (MgCO₃·3H₂O) within the MgO–CO₂–H₂O system, this review highlights key aspects of this hydrated magnesium carbonate. These include its synthesis process, crystal morphology, the influence of additives, thermal stability, high-pressure behavior, combined effects of pressure and temperature, as well as insights into hydrogen bonding in nesquehonite and related basic and hydrated carbonates. Finally, the review discusses the potential practical applications of nesquehonite. We conclude that an integrated experimental and theoretical approach provides a clear and accessible framework for understanding nesquehonite's structure, properties, and phase behavior, thereby offering valuable insights to guide further research across multiple scientific disciplines.