Advances in the direct electro-conversion of captured CO2 into valuable products

Abstract

The direct electrochemical conversion of captured CO₂ (capt-eCO₂R) into valuable chemicals has recently emerged as a promising carbon capture and utilisation technology that will contribute to achieving net-zero carbon emissions. Conventional electrochemical CO₂ (eCO₂R) typically uses pure CO₂ gas as a reactant; thus, this system requires substantial energy and capital allocation across the entire process, from the initial CO₂ capture to the post-CO₂ conditioning for product separation. The capt-eCO₂R addresses these limitations and presents a compelling economic advantage by integrating the CO₂ capture and direct electro-conversion of captured CO₂ in the form of carbamate and (bi)carbonate without a CO₂ conditioning process. The capt-eCO₂R is still in the early stages of development and is not as mature as the conventional eCO₂R; thus, several challenges remain to be addressed to improve system performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the capt-eCO₂R system, including various system configurations, suitable catalysts, and strategies to enhance performance within captured media. The reaction mechanisms depend on the form of captured CO₂; therefore, we categorised them according to the type of CO₂ absorbent. The outlook, ongoing challenges, and strategies for future development are also presented.