Hard carbon for sodium storage: mechanism and optimization strategies toward commercialization

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Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14, 2244
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Insights into the diverse precursor-based micro-spherical hard carbons as anode materials for sodium–ion and potassium–ion batteries

Nagmani, Ashwani Tyagi and Sreeraj Puravankara

Mater. Adv., 2022, 3, 810
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A carbon-based material with a hierarchical structure and intrinsic heteroatom sites for sodium-ion storage with ultrahigh rate and capacity

Xue-Yang Cui, Xiao-Dong Lin, Ya-Jing Wang, Pan Xu, Xiao-Xiang Fan, Ming-Sen Zheng, Jia-Jia Chen and Quan-Feng Dong

Nanoscale, 2021, 13, 15731
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Sodium plating on hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries: mechanisms, detection methods, and mitigation strategies

Feng Liu, Zihe Chen, Yuanjian Li, Lin Fu, Jiangwei Ju, Jun Ma and Yongming Sun

Nanoscale Horiz., 2026, 11, 62
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Hierarchical soot nanoparticle self-assemblies for enhanced performance as sodium-ion battery anodes

Yuxiao Cui, Chandrasekar M Subramaniyam, Lengwan Li, Tong Han, Min-A. Kang, Jian Li, Luyao Zhao, Xinfeng Wei, Anna J. Svagan and Mahiar M. Hamedi

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 9059
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Peat-derived hard carbon electrodes with superior capacity for sodium-ion batteries

Anu Adamson, Ronald Väli, Maarja Paalo, Jaan Aruväli, Miriam Koppel, Rasmus Palm, Eneli Härk, Jaak Nerut, Tavo Romann, Enn Lust and Alar Jänes

RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 20145
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Cross-linked copolymer-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon with high-performance lithium storage capability

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Mater. Adv., 2022, 3, 6636
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3D well-ordered porous phosphorus doped carbon as an anode for sodium storage: structure design, experimental and computational insights

Yun Qiao, Ruimin Han, Yudong Pang, Zhansheng Lu, Jin Zhao, Xiaoguang Cheng, Huishuang Zhang, Zongxian Yang, Shuting Yang and Yang Liu

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 11400
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Highly microporous SbPO4/BCx hybrid anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Huiqi Wang, Li Gou, Weifeng Jing, Duo An, Ying Li, Mei Wang, Ning Li, Shengliang Hu and Yan-Bing He

Mater. Adv., 2020, 1, 206
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Lithium insertion in hard carbon as observed by 7Li NMR and XRD. The local and mesoscopic order and their relevance for lithium storage and diffusion

Yuan Fang, Kevin Peuvot, Alice Gratrex, Evgeny V. Morozov, Johan Hagberg, Göran Lindbergh and István Furó

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 10069
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N and S co-doped nanosheet-like porous carbon derived from sorghum biomass: mechanical nanoarchitecturing for upgraded potassium ion batteries

Minjun Kim, Liang Ma, Zhibin Li, Wenjie Mai, Nasim Amiralian, Alan E. Rowan, Yusuke Yamauchi, Aimiao Qin, Rana Arslan Afzal, Darren Martin, Ashok Kumar Nanjundan and Jinliang Li

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 16626
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A review on biomass-derived hard carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries

Mathew Thompson, Qingbing Xia, Zhe Hu and Xiu Song Zhao

Mater. Adv., 2021, 2, 5881
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Curvature as the missing descriptor of sodium storage in hard carbon

Zoya V. Bobyleva, Anastasia M. Alekseeva, Sergey V. Ryazantsev, Maria A. Solovieva, Grigorii P. Lakienko, Yana V. Sultanova, Georgy S. Peters, Dmitry A. Aksyonov, Oleg A. Drozhzhin, Artem M. Abakumov and Evgeny V. Antipov

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026, 14, 10355
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Advances in the structural engineering and commercialization processes of hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries

Cheng Yang, Jiahua Zhao, Bo Dong, Ming Lei, Xiwen Zhang, Weibin Xie, Mingzhe Chen, Kai Zhang and Limin Zhou

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 1340
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Enhanced Na storage performance through in situ depolymerization–repolymerization in bamboo-derived hard carbon anodes

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J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 16533
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A mechanistic study of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries beyond lithium ions byin situtransmission electron microscopy

Muhammad Yousaf, Ufra Naseer, Yiju Li, Zeeshan Ali, Nasir Mahmood, Lei Wang, Peng Gao and Shaojun Guo

Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14, 2670
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Recent progress in biomass-derived carbon materials used for secondary batteries

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Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2021, 5, 3017
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Self-supported binder-free hard carbon electrodes for sodium-ion batteries: insights into their sodium storage mechanisms

Adrian Beda, Claire Villevieille, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon and Camélia Matei Ghimbeu

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 5558
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Graphite-catalyzed carbonization of biowaste unlocks energy-dense, high-rate, and long-lifespan potassium-ion batteries

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Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 515, 163832
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Pristine and engineered biochar as Na-ion batteries anode material: A comprehensive overview

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Optimizing carbonization temperature to achieve high-capacity and long-cycle hard carbon anodes from polyurethane precursors for sodium-ion batteries

Feifei Sun, Shuo Zhao, Yi Zhao, Pengfei Zhou and Jin Zhou

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132, 117722
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Nanocable with thick active intermediate layer for stable and high-areal-capacity sodium storage

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Nano Energy, 2020, 78, 105265
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Insight into the rapid sodium storage mechanism of the fiber-like oxygen-doped hierarchical porous biomass derived hard carbon

Chen Chen, Ying Huang, Zhuoyue Meng, Jiaxin Zhang, Mengwei Lu, Panbo Liu and Tiehu Li

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 588, 657
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Advanced hard carbon materials for practical applications of sodium-ion batteries developed by combined experimental, computational, and data analysis approaches

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Progress in Materials Science, 2025, 149, 101401
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Template‐free synthesis of novel hollow carbon nanospheres with dual active sites as catalyst for fuel cell cathode to improve oxygen reduction reaction performances

Xiulan Qin, Ying Huang, Zhichao Qin and Ming Zhao

Int J Energy Res, 2019
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Progress of metal phosphides as the anode materials for sodium ion batteries

Liqiang He, Jiayang Guo, Shuai Liu, Fei Wang, Xiao Li and Zhongmin Su

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 997, 174924
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Recent progress in hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries: A systematic literature network analysis

Ziqiang Yang, Chuanxiang Zhang, Fenghai Li, Baolin Xing, Yaojie Zhang, Xiaoxiao Qu, Jia Yu and Lang Xu

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 145, 119901
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Flexible sodium-ion batteries using electrodes from Samanea saman tree leaf-derived carbon quantum dots decorated with SnO2 and NaVO3

Baskar Thangaraj, Surawut Chuangchote, Nutthapon Wongyao, Pravin Raj Solomon, Kamonchanok Roongraung, Wachira Chaiworn and Werasak Surareungchai

Clean Energy, 2021, 5, 354
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Mechanical Stress Reveals Asymmetry of Sodiation and Desodiation of Hard Carbon

Stefan Mück, Dominik Kramer, Krishnaveni Palanisamy, Christine Kranz and Reiner Mönig

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Enhancing visible‐light photocatalytic activity by strongly binding flake BiFeO3 nanoparticles on graphene sheets

Ying Huang, Yuanyuan Shen, Xiulan Qin and Ke Wang

Micro & Nano Letters, 2020, 15, 755
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Electrochemical Insight into the Sodium-Ion Storage Mechanism on a Hard Carbon Anode

Xiaoyang Chen, Youlong Fang, Jiyu Tian, Haiyan Lu, Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang and Yuliang Cao

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 18914
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Utilization of PET derived hard carbon as a battery-type, higher plateau capacity anode for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries

Nagmani and Sreeraj Puravankara

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2023, 946, 117731
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Efficient method for synthesizing graphene materials applied in lithium-ion capacitors with high performance

Jun Zong, Bokun Rong, Feifei Dong, Xiangli Guo, Naichuan Yu, Jingliang Liu, Suhua Zhou, Yanwen Feng, Yue Yang and Tianyang Wang

Ionics, 2022, 28, 2919
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Porous 3D flower-like bismuth silicate@nitrogen-doped graphene nanomaterial as high-efficient catalyst for fuel cell cathode

Xiulan Qin, Ying Huang, Yuanyuan Shen, Ming Zhao and Xiaogang Gao

Ceramics International, 2019, 45, 24515
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Weak coulomb interaction between anions and Na+ during solvation enabling desirable solid electrolyte interphase and superior kinetics for HC-based sodium ion batteries

Xin Hou, Tianyu Li, Yanling Qiu, Mingqin Jiang, Qiong Zheng and Xianfeng Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 453, 139932
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Spray‐coated Hard Carbon Composite Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Insertion

Krishnaveni Palanisamy, Sven Daboss, David Schäfer, Marcus Rohnke, Laurin Derr, Marcel Lang, Rolf Schuster and Christine Kranz

Batteries & Supercaps, 2024, 7
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Carbon Anode Materials for Rechargeable Alkali Metal Ion Batteries and in-situ Characterization Techniques

Ruida Ding, Yalan Huang, Guangxing Li, Qin Liao, Tao Wei, Yu Liu, Yanjie Huang and Hao He

Front. Chem., 2020, 8
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Insights into the Plateau Capacity Dependence on the Rate Performance and Cycling Stability of a Superior Hard Carbon Microsphere Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Nagmani and Sreeraj Puravankara

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2020, 3, 10045
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Graphene oxide spontaneous reduction and self-assembly on the zinc metal surface enabling a dendrite-free anode for long-life zinc rechargeable aqueous batteries

Aolin Xia, Xiaoming Pu, Yayuan Tao, Haimei Liu and Yonggang Wang

Applied Surface Science, 2019, 481, 852
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In operando and in situ characterization tools for advanced rechargeable batteries: Effects of electrode origin and electrolyte

Mehrdad Dorri, Anil Kumar M R and Karim Zaghib

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 658, 238188
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Ball-milling pretreatment-driven low-temperature waste cotton fibers-based hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Yingying Zhou, Tiantao Huang, Zixin Lv, Che Wang, Junjun Peng, Aiping Jin, Jun Xiong, Linghui Yu, Ming Li, Zhongchen Ma, Jinchao Wei and Qing Chen

Biomass and Bioenergy, 2026, 206, 108600
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Ultrafast synthesis of battery grade graphite enabled by a multi-physics field carbonization

Feng Li, Zhenyu Guo, Ziqing Song, Lili Wang, Lituo Zheng, Gang Cheng, Cecilia Mattevi, Zhensheng Hong and Maria-Magdalena Titirici

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 461, 142128
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Tuning morphology, defects and functional group types in hard carbon via phosphorus doped for rapid sodium storage

Chen Chen, Ying Huang, Mengwei Lu, Jiaxin Zhang and Tiehu Li

Carbon, 2021, 183, 415
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Hard carbon as anode material for metal-ion batteries

E. N. Abramova, Z. V. Bobyleva, O. A. Drozhzhin, A. M. Abakumov and E. V. Antipov

RUSS CHEM REV, 2024, 93, RCR5100
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Na adsorption on bismuthene monolayer for battery applications: A first-principles study

Adil Marjaoui, Mohamed Zanouni, Achraf El Kasmi, Mohammed Jbilou and Mustapha Diani

FlatChem, 2021, 27, 100251
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From biomass to batteries: Cutting-edge advances in hard carbon anodes for sustainable sodium-ion energy storage

Tengteng Gao and Yanhuai Ding

Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2025, 180, 114925
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Atomic layer deposition growth of SnS2 films on diluted buffered oxide etchant solution-treated substrate

Namgue Lee, Gunwoo Lee, Hyeongsu Choi, Hyunwoo Park, Yeonsik Choi, Keunsik Kim, Yeongtae Choi, Jong-Woo Kim, Hyunwoo Yuk, Onejae Sul, Seung-Beck Lee and Hyeongtag Jeon

Applied Surface Science, 2019, 496, 143689
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Humic acid resin-based amorphous porous carbon as high rate and cycle performance anode for sodium-ion batteries

Zhendong Jiang, Chuanxiang Zhang, Xiaoxiao Qu, Baolin Xing, Guangxu Huang, Bing Xu, Changliang Shi, Weiwei Kang, Jia Yu and Suck Won Hong

Electrochimica Acta, 2021, 372, 137850
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Facile synthesis of high quality hard carbon anode from Eucalyptus wood for sodium-ion batteries

Jinyu Liu, Liyong Wang, Zhenyu Huang, Fenglan Fan, Liansheng Jiao and Fenghua Li

Chem. Pap., 2022, 76, 7465
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High-efficiently doping nitrogen in kapok fiber-derived hard carbon used as anode materials for boosting rate performance of sodium-ion batteries

Tianyun Zhang, Tian Zhang, Fujuan Wang and Fen Ran

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2024, 96, 472
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Unveiling Atom Migration Abilities Affected Anode Performance of Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Qizheng Zheng, Shiyuan Zhou, Shi Tang, Hongbin Zeng, Yonglin Tang, Zhengang Li, Sangui Liu, Liangping Xiao, Ling Huang, Yu Qiao, Shi‐Gang Sun and Hong‐Gang Liao

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62
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Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Practical Applications

Bingying Pei, Haiqing Yu, Lei Zhang, Guozhao Fang, Jiang Zhou, Xinxin Cao and Shuquan Liang

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
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Understanding and Mitigating Lattice Collapse Degradation in Layered Oxide Materials for Sodium-Ion Battery Anode

Lixun Cheng, Xiaonan Luo and Binghui Ge

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 35006
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Disordered graphitized carbon materials with superior electrical and mechanical properties

Lanhui Li, Jinhao Zang, Weixia Shen, Chao Fang, Yuewen Zhang, Liangchao Chen, Qianqian Wang, Biao Wan and Zhuangfei Zhang

Ceramics International, 2025, 51, 53885
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N-doped graphitic carbon coated Fe2O3 using dopamine as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Jungwook Song, Achmad Yanuar Maulana, Hanah Kim, Boram Yun, Hyunjeong Gim, Yuri Jeong, Nahyun An, Cybelle M. Futalan and Jongsik Kim

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 921, 166082
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Nano‐Restricted Structures in Hard Carbon Anodes: Mechanisms and Optimization

Zhenqi Song, Suhua Chen, Xiaosong Xiong, Ke Wang, Gaoming Sun, Yanjiao Ma, Ying Bai, Yuan Ma and Yuping Wu

Small Methods, 2025, 9
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Dehalogenation produces graphene wrapped carbon cages as fast-kinetics and large-capacity anode for lithium-ion capacitors

Yibo Ma, Kai Wang, Yanan Xu, Xudong Zhang, Qifan Peng, Shani Li, Xiong Zhang, Xianzhong Sun and Yanwei Ma

Carbon, 2023, 202, 175
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3D Carbon Networks: Design and Applications in Sodium Ion Batteries

Guobao Yuan, Dapeng Liu, Xilan Feng and Yu Zhang

ChemPlusChem, 2021, 86, 1135
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Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped 3D hierarchical porous carbon network with highly-reversible performance in sodium storage

Yade Zhu, Ying Huang, Mingyue Wang and Chen Chen

Ceramics International, 2019, 45, 24500
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Coordination engineering of metal single atom on carbon for enhanced and robust potassium storage

Fang Liu, Jiashen Meng, Gengping Jiang, Jiantao Li, Hong Wang, Zhitong Xiao, Ruohan Yu, Liqiang Mai and Jinsong Wu

Matter, 2021, 4, 4006
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A practical high-energy lithium-ion capacitor enabled by multiple conducting bridges triggered electrode current reallocation

Yibo Ma, Shengqiang Li, Yabin An, Qifan Peng, Xiong Zhang, Xianzhong Sun, Prof. Kai Wang and Prof. Yanwei Ma

Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 62, 102946
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Alkali etching strategy directs high-porosity coffee grounds-derived hard carbon for high performance sodium-ion batteries

Jianping Liao, Haijie Qiu, Shengqiang Jiang, Jiahui Chen, Jianjun Xue, Manli Cao, Junfa Jiang and Junmin Nan

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2025, 996, 119422
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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Sodium-Ion Batteries

Dewen Hou, Dawei Xia, Eric Gabriel, Joshua A. Russell, Kincaid Graff, Yang Ren, Cheng-Jun Sun, Feng Lin, Yuzi Liu and Hui Xiong

ACS Energy Lett., 2021, 6, 4023
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Sustainable Fabrication of a Practical Hard Carbon Anode for a Sodium-Ion Battery with Unprecedented Long Cycle Life

Ziqing Song, Feng Li, Liyuan Mao, Wei Lin, Lituo Zheng, Yiyin Huang, Mingdeng Wei and Zhensheng Hong

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 15020
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Role of surface terminations in enhancing CrTe2 MXene performance for LIBs

Qamar Abuhassan, Ahmed Aldulaimi, Omayma Salim Waleed, G. Padma Priya, Subhashree Ray, Y. Sasikumar, Renu Sharma, Akmal Abilkasimov, Elyor Saitov, Doniyor Jumanazarov and Aseel Smerat

Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 2026, 146, 109375
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Modulating the defects of graphene blocks by ball-milling for ultrahigh gravimetric and volumetric performance and fast sodium storage

Yue Dong, Xieji Lin, Dengke Wang, Renlu Yuan, Su Zhang, Xiaohong Chen, Lyubov G. Bulusheva, Alexander V. Okotrub and Huaihe Song

Energy Storage Materials, 2020, 30, 287
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Enhancing SEI Stability of Hard Carbon Anodes with Low‐Solvating CPME Co‐Solvent for Wide‐Temperature Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Nagmani, Dhrubajyoti Das, Prakhar Verma, Rajashekar Billa and Sreeraj Puravankara

Energy Tech, 2026, 14
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Revealing sodium storage mechanism of hard carbon anodes through in-situ investigation of mechano-electrochemical coupling behavior

Mei Yang, Zhenya Luo, Xiao Wang, Xinxin Cao, Weiguo Mao, Yong Pan, Cuiying Dai and Junan Pan

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2023, 86, 227
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Real-time measurement of sodiation induced stress in hard carbon composite electrodes

Amit Chanda, Akshay Pakhare, Abdulrahman Alfadhli, Vijay A. Sethuraman and Siva P.V. Nadimpalli

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 609, 234678
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Bio-oil derived hierarchical porous hard carbon from rubber wood sawdust via a template fabrication process as highly stable anode for sodium-ion batteries

Rasu Muruganantham, Tzu-Hsien Hsieh, Chia-Her Lin and Wei-Ren Liu

Materials Today Energy, 2019, 14, 100346
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Regulating Pore Structure of Hierarchical Porous Waste Cork‐Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Enhanced Na Storage Performance

Yuqi Li, Yaxiang Lu, Qingshi Meng, Anders C. S. Jensen, Qiangqiang Zhang, Qinghua Zhang, Yuxin Tong, Yuruo Qi, Lin Gu, Maria‐Magdalena Titirici and Yong‐Sheng Hu

Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9
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Sustainable pyrolytic carbon negative electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

Zinan Wu, Xiaoxin Li, Furong Xie, Rong Chen, Chao Deng and Guo-Ming Weng

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 621, 235262
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A review of hard carbon anodes for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries

Bao-yi Mu, Chun-lei Chi, Xin-hou Yang, Chao Huangfu, Bin Qi, Guan-wen Wang, Zhi-yuan Li, Lei Song, Tong Wei and Zhuang-jun Fan

New Carbon Materials, 2024, 39, 796
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Investigating the Role of Surface Roughness and Defects on EC Breakdown, as a Precursor to SEI Formation in Hard Carbon Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Emilia Olsson, Jonathon Cottom, Hande Alptekin, Heather Au, Maria Crespo‐Ribadeneyra, Maria‐Magdalena Titirici and Qiong Cai

Small, 2022, 18
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Ultrahigh‐Capacity Sodium Storage in Long‐range Ordered Expanded Flake Graphite: Insights into the Underlying Mechanism

Shuaijie He, Caihong Yang, Ying Zhang, Weixuan Fu, Song Li, Xiaozheng Liang, Hanlie Hong, Xiongbo Dong, Guoqiang Zhao, Aidong Tang and Huaming Yang

Small, 2025, 21
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Mini-Review on Advanced Characterization Techniques for Insights into the Sodium Storage Mechanism of Hard Carbon Anodes: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Nagmani, Ashish Kumar, Chandra Gowthami, Ravula Vijay, Tata Narasinga Rao and Srinivasan Anandan

Energy Fuels, 2024, 38, 18153
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N-Doped Graphitic Carbon Coated Fe2o3 Using Dopamine as an Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Jungwook Song, Achmad Yanuar Maulana, Hanah Kim, Boram Yun, Hyunjeong Gim, Yuri Jeong, Nahyun An, Cybelle M. Futalan and Jongsik Kim

SSRN Journal, 2022
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Promises and Challenges of Next-Generation “Beyond Li-ion” Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Grid Decarbonization

Yaosen Tian, Guobo Zeng, Ann Rutt, Tan Shi, Haegyeom Kim, Jingyang Wang, Julius Koettgen, Yingzhi Sun, Bin Ouyang, Tina Chen, Zhengyan Lun, Ziqin Rong, Kristin Persson and Gerbrand Ceder

Chem. Rev., 2021, 121, 1623
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Upcycling process of transforming waste coffee into spherical graphene by flash pyrolysis for sustainable supercapacitor manufacturing with virgin graphene electrodes and its comparative life cycle assessment

Kuray Dericiler, Atakan Kocanali, Merve Buldu-Akturk, Emre Erdem and Burcu Saner Okan

Biomass Conv. Bioref., 2024, 14, 1073
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Unraveling the reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries by in situ transmission electron microscopy

Hong Wang, Fang Liu, Ruohan Yu and Jinsong Wu

Interdisciplinary Materials, 2022, 1, 196
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Hierarchical Flower-Like Porous Carbon Nanosheets with Richly Exposed (002) Planes for High-Performance Sodium–Ion Batteries

Zhenqian Wu, Xianwei Li, Xudong Ma, Ling Xin, Zhijian Huang, Xiao Yu and Yong Liu

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2024, 7, 433
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The cutting-edge phosphorus-rich metal phosphides for energy storage and conversion

Xudong Zhao, Xianglong Kong, Zhiliang Liu, Zhi Li, Zewei Xie, Zhuoyan Wu, Fei He, Xinghua Chang, Piaoping Yang, Jie Zheng and Xingguo Li

Nano Today, 2021, 40, 101245
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Revisiting the Design of Sodiophilic Anodes to Accelerate the Development of High‐Performance Sodium Batteries

Kundan Kumar Mishra, C. Sanjaykumar, Md Osama Zubair, Rahul Singh and Vipin Kumar

Small, 2025, 21
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X‐Ray Spectromicroscopy Investigation of Heterogeneous Sodiation in Hard Carbon Nanosheets with Vertically Oriented (002) Planes

Xuehai Tan, Keren Jiang, Shengli Zhai, Jigang Zhou, Jian Wang, Ken Cadien and Zhi Li

Small, 2021, 17
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