Large MOFs: synthesis strategies and applications where size matters

Abstract

Large (usually more than 30 μm) single crystal 3D and especially 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials having great potential to be applied in high-resolution chromatography, separation, photonics, and optoelectronics. However, most synthetic strategies to obtain such materials remain intuitive and underexplored. Existing reviews are mainly focused on the synthesis and application of only nano-sized MOFs, not considering the unique physicochemical properties and great application potential of large single MOFs. In this review, we discuss synthesis strategies of large MOF crystals with particular emphasis on the mechanism of their nucleation and growth. We also highlight specific applications that benefit from the inherent properties of large single MOFs.