Doping modification of sodium superionic conductor Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: a mini-review

Abstract

The polyanionic material sodium vanadium phosphate (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃, N3VP) exhibits cost advantages and promising development prospects as a cathode material in sodium-ion batteries, an attractive safer alternative to lithium-ion batteries. However, suffering from intrinsically low electronic conductivity, optimizable ion diffusivity, and suboptimal structural stability, N3VP cathode materials are still far from commercialization. To facilitate researchers in future studies, various doping sites (sodium, vanadium, and phosphate sites) and doping elements (alkali metal elements, other metal elements, and polyvalent anions) of N3VP are reviewed in this paper. The mechanisms and properties of different doped N3VP materials are presented. Finally, the development prospects of N3VP doping are discussed. This review aims to guide future N3VP research endeavours to facilitate meaningful research on advanced cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.