Issue 5, 2018

Stochastic pumping of non-equilibrium steady-states: how molecules adapt to a fluctuating environment

Abstract

In the absence of input energy, a chemical reaction in a closed system ineluctably relaxes toward an equilibrium state governed by a Boltzmann distribution. The addition of a catalyst to the system provides a way for more rapid equilibration toward this distribution, but the catalyst can never, in and of itself, drive the system away from equilibrium. In the presence of external fluctuations, however, a macromolecular catalyst (e.g., an enzyme) can absorb energy and drive the formation of a steady state between reactant and product that is not determined solely by their relative energies. Due to the ubiquity of non-equilibrium steady states in living systems, the development of a theory for the effects of external fluctuations on chemical systems has been a longstanding focus of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The theory of stochastic pumping has provided insight into how a non-equilibrium steady-state can be formed and maintained in the presence of dissipation and kinetic asymmetry. This effort has been greatly enhanced by a confluence of experimental and theoretical work on synthetic molecular machines designed explicitly to harness external energy to drive non-equilibrium transport and self-assembly.

Graphical abstract: Stochastic pumping of non-equilibrium steady-states: how molecules adapt to a fluctuating environment

Article information

Article type
Feature Article
Submitted
29 ኦገስ 2017
Accepted
05 ዲሴም 2017
First published
05 ዲሴም 2017

Chem. Commun., 2018,54, 427-444

Stochastic pumping of non-equilibrium steady-states: how molecules adapt to a fluctuating environment

R. D. Astumian, Chem. Commun., 2018, 54, 427 DOI: 10.1039/C7CC06683J

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