Phytoremediation as a green and sustainable prospective method for heavy metal contamination: a review

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals in soil has significantly increased due to both natural processes and human activities, notably those associated with industrial activities. The nonbiodegradable nature of heavy metals gives rise to concerns. This tenacity can result in their integration into the food chain via agricultural plants and, ultimately, their buildup in the human body via biomagnification, resulting in detrimental impacts on both human well-being and the environment. Phytoremediation is a promising and environmentally conscious solution for reducing heavy metal pollution in soil. It possesses the capacity to serve as a cost-effective remedy for regenerating vegetation in polluted regions. In order to enhance the efficacy of phytoremediation, it is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing the accumulation and persistence of heavy metals in plants. The mechanisms behind the absorption, translocation, and elimination of heavy metals in plants are highly significant. The current analysis will concentrate on the recent advancements in various processes, such as the use of microbes, genetic engineering, natural organic chemicals, and chelation. In addition, we emphasise the benefits, possible limitations, present condition, and future outlook of these procedures.