Breaking the reduced glutathione-activated antioxidant defence for enhanced photodynamic therapy

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROSs) to kill cancer cells. However, a high concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) is present in cancer cells and can consume ROSs and sharply reduce the PDT activity. To address this problem, herein, we synthesized a thymine modified Zn phthalocyanine (ZnPc, a monomer and an active form for PDT) and prepared its nanoparticle form (an aggregator and an inactive form) with Hg²⁺ providing the driving force for the “thymine–Hg²⁺–thymine” interaction. The nanoparticles could remain in the inactive form during the delivery process in blood. Once endocytosed by cancer cells, the nanoparticles are disintegrated, and deprived of Hg²⁺ by intracellular GSH, which decreases the level of GSH. Simultaneously, the activity of the released monomer ZnPc is recovered and high PDT activity is observed.