Dual field magnetic separation for improved size fractionation of magnetic nanoparticles

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are emerging as key tools in biomedical and technical applications due to their tunable magnetic properties and responsiveness to external magnetic fields. However, the effectiveness of MNPs in applications such as targeted drug delivery, magnetic imaging and magnetic hyperthermia critically depends on achieving a narrow particle size distribution. Conventional gradient magnetic separation techniques often fall short in delivering high resolution size separation, particularly in the challenging 20 to 200 nm range, where the interplay between Brownian motion and magnetophoretic forces reduces separation precision. Therefore, in this study, we propose an enhanced gradient magnetic separation (GMS) method that superimposes a homogeneous alternating magnetic field onto an inhomogeneous gradient field and makes use of size-dependent magnetization dynamics. The proposed dual-field method is first verified in a simple test case, confirming that the desired separation behavior can principally be achieved. Simulations show that the magnetization ratio between particles of different sizes can be significantly increased beyond the predictions of the Langevin function. By systematically varying offset and alternating field strengths, an optimal combination maximizing this ratio is identified. Additionally, the influence of the alternating field frequency is investigated, showing that separation efficiency improves with increasing frequency up to a saturation point. To translate this behavior into effective spatial separation, particle trajectories are simulated while dynamically optimizing the alternating field strength over time to maximize the travelled distance ratio between large and small particles. The results demonstrate that large particles maintain strong alignment with the field, while smaller particles experience reduced time averaged magnetization, resulting in notably reduced mobility. Additionally, travelled distance ratios between particle sizes increase significantly compared to using a gradient field alone. The introduced dual-field method is also shown to remain effective for various particle sizes and under more realistic conditions where hydrodynamic and magnetic radii differ due to surface coatings. Finally, it is shown that the separation cut-off radius can be chosen arbitrarily, confirming the size independence of the method. These findings demonstrate that the proposed method substantially enhances size based separation, enabling improved control over particle size distributions and potentially advancing biomedical applications.