Surface functionalization of metal–organic framework nanoparticle for overcoming biological barrier in cancer therapy

Abstract

Nanomedicine, which merges the realms of nanotechnology and medicine, presents transformative strategies for advancing healthcare through nanoscale manipulation of materials. Among these, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with a unique hybrid structure of metal ions interconnected by organic ligands, have emerged as a novel class of inorganic nanoparticles with significant potential in drug delivery systems (DDS). This review explores the innovative applications of MOFs in DDS, emphasizing their distinctive porous architectures that facilitate the adsorption and controlled release of therapeutic agents. The versatility of MOFs is further enhanced by surface functionalization, which not only augments their dispersibility and targeting efficiency but also addresses the biological barriers that traditionally impede nanoparticle-based drug delivery. These barriers include the adsorption of bioproteins, which can mask the nanoparticles and prompt immune recognition, and the complex interplay within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which affects nanoparticle penetration and efficacy. Additionally, the cell membrane prevents nanoparticles from being internalized into the cell, and drugs released within the cell are removed by efflux pumps, impeding their therapeutic effect. Through a comprehensive analysis, we highlighted the strategies employed to overcome these obstacles, leveraging the multifunctional capabilities of MOFs to enhance their therapeutic payload delivery and targeting precision.