Particulate photocathode composed of (ZnSe)0.85(CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2)0.15 synthesized with Na2S for enhanced sunlight-driven hydrogen evolution

Abstract

A particulate solid solution, (ZnSe)_0.85(CuIn_0.7Ga_0.3Se₂)_0.15, was synthesized by the flux method using various amounts of a Cu precursor (to make Cu-deficient, stoichiometric, or Cu-excess specimens) and/or a Na₂S additive, to assess the effects of synthesis conditions on photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties. A stoichiometric (ZnSe)_0.85(CuIn_0.7Ga_0.3Se₂)_0.15 photocathode prepared with Na₂S produced a cathodic photocurrent in a neutral aqueous electrolyte approximately 2.3 times greater than that obtained from a sample made without Na₂S. Elemental analyses by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the presence of Na₂S facilitated the incorporation of Li from the flux into the solid solution, in addition to the insertion of O atoms at Se vacancies, during the synthesis. Consequently, a (ZnSe)_0.85(CuIn_0.7Ga_0.3Se₂)_0.15 photocathode with appropriate surface modification and back contact demonstrated an onset potential for cathodic photocurrent as high as 0.77 V_RHE, a −5.2 mA cm⁻² of photocurrent at 0 V_RHE and a half-cell solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 1.1% at 0.37 V_RHE. The present study provides new insights into techniques for the preparation of particulate Cu-chalcogenide photocathodes for efficient hydrogen evolution.