2D transition metal dichalcogenides for photovoltaics, hydrogen production, and CO2 photoreduction

Abstract

The transition from fossil-based to solar-based energy sources is essential to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) have emerged as promising materials for solar energy harvesting due to their tuneable electronic and optoelectronic properties, which can be engineered to enhance their performance in various applications. The utilization of 2D TMDs for solar energy conversion can be achieved through solar photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) photoreduction. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of 2D TMDs, including their structure and electronic and optoelectronic properties, as well as the engineering strategies applied across PV, PEC, and CO₂ photoreduction systems. Variations in 2D TMDs and modification approaches result in distinct multifunctional performances. This outlook highlights the potential for the further exploitation of the unique characteristics of 2D TMDs to achieve high and reliable performances, ultimately accelerating their large-scale commercialization and paving the way for a clean and sustainable future.