Issue 32, 2024

Building in vitro models for mechanistic understanding of liver regeneration in chronic liver diseases

Abstract

The liver has excellent regeneration potential and attains complete functional recovery from partial hepatectomy. The regenerative mechanisms malfunction in chronic liver diseases (CLDs), which fuels disease progression. CLDs account for 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Pathophysiological studies with clinical correlation have shown evidence of deviation of normal regenerative mechanisms and its contribution to fueling fibrosis and disease progression. However, we lack realistic in vitro models that can allow experimental manipulation for mechanistic understanding of liver regeneration in CLDs and testing of candidate drugs. In this review, we aim to provide the framework for building appropriate organotypic models for dissecting regenerative responses in CLDs, with the focus on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). By drawing parallels with development and hepatectomy, we explain the selection of critical components such as cells, signaling, and, substrate-driven biophysical cues to build an appropriate CLD model. We highlight the organoid-based organotypic models available for NASH disease modeling, including organ-on-a-chip and 3D bioprinted models. With the focus on bioprinting as a fabrication method, we prescribe building in vitro CLD models and testing schemes for exploring the regenerative responses in the bioprinted model.

Graphical abstract: Building in vitro models for mechanistic understanding of liver regeneration in chronic liver diseases

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
05 Apr 2024
Accepted
24 Jun 2024
First published
27 Jun 2024

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024,12, 7669-7691

Building in vitro models for mechanistic understanding of liver regeneration in chronic liver diseases

K. Karnawat, R. Parthasarathy, M. Sakhrie, H. Karthik, K. V. Krishna and G. M. Balachander, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, 12, 7669 DOI: 10.1039/D4TB00738G

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