Probabilistic risk assessment of AgNPs for human health through dietary consumptions of crops

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are predicted to be continuously released in the agricultural sector, the subsequent potential human health risks through consumption of food crops has raised concern. This study conducted a risk assessment for the potential human health risk resulting from AgNPs released during crop production. Taking Ireland and Europe as two spatial scopes, this risk assessment linked regional agricultural strategies to health risk induced by potential AgNP emissions, and projected future risk till 2030 based on historical data. Leafy vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, and wheat based product consumption in people's dietary structure were selected. The simulated exposure was found to be less than the reference dose (RfD) with hazard quotients (HQ) less than 0.1 indicating no potential hazardous effects resulting from released AgNPs in crop production under current and future situations. Irrigation showed a dominant impact on the final risk estimate at the EU scale through the consumption of leafy vegetables (biosolid application is not allowed for food crops). Sprinkler irrigation can elevate AgNPs on foliar surfaces of leafy vegetables. The stringent biosolid application strategy helps prevent the upstream trophic transfer of AgNPs, especially in areas with sufficient rainfall, such as in Ireland. However, areas with irrigation needs, at or above the EU average level, need to consider potential surface water irrigation from watersheds with potential AgNP accumulation. This study helps build awareness of the potential contribution of agriculture-related, regional, and crop-specific variables to human health risk potential resulting from AgNP emissions. Sources of AgNPs varied according to crop categories and are highlighted by this study as critical for risk monitoring.