Host–guest interaction induced room-temperature phosphorescence enhancement of organic dyes: a computational study

Abstract

To achieve the effective regulation of organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in supramolecular systems, the elucidation of host–guest interactions in RTP is of vital importance. Herein, we employed two organic dyes (PYCl and PYBr) and their four host–guest complexes with CB[6] and CB[7] and explored the mechanism of host–guest interaction induced RTP enhancement using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. For the two organic dyes, we found that the better RTP performance of PYBr than PYCl is attributed to intersystem crossing (ISC) augmentation induced by the heavy atom effect. Binding to CB[6] through host–guest interactions can simultaneously accelerate the radiative decay process by increasing the transition dipole moment of T₁ → S₀ (μ_T1→S0), block the nonradiative decay process, and promote the ISC process, eventually leading to a remarkably boosted RTP. Upon complexation, the conversion of S₁ from ¹(n, π*) to ¹(π, π*) is key to μ_T1→S0 enhancement; reduced reorganization energies reflect the suppression of the nonradiative decay process by restricting the rotation of rings A and B in organic dyes. In addition, the promoted ISC process is due to the activation of more ISC channels between S₁ and high-lying triplet states with large spin–orbital coupling constants and small energy gap. The case of CB[7]-type complexes is much different, because of the extremely large cavity size of CB[7] for encapsulation. This work proposes the mechanism of host–guest interaction-induced RTP enhancement of organic dyes, thus laying a solid foundation for the rational design of advanced RTP materials based on supramolecular assemblies.