Palladium nanospheres-embedded metal–organic frameworks to enhance the ECL efficiency of 2,6-dimethyl-8-(3-carboxyphenyl)4,4′-difluoroboradiazene in aqueous solution for ultrasensitive Cu2+ detection

Abstract

Nowadays, organic emitters suffer from insufficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency in aqueous solutions, and their practical applications are severely restricted in the bio-sensing field. In this work, palladium nanospheres-embedded metal–organic frameworks (Pd@MOFs) were exploited to enhance the ECL efficiency of 2,6-dimethyl-8-(3-carboxyphenyl)4,4′-difluoroboradiazene (BET) prepared by a one-pot method in aqueous environment. First, the Pd@MOFs were generated via in situ reduction of Pd nanospheres anchored onto the MOFs, and fabricated by orderly coordination of palladium chloride (PdCl₂) with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine (BTA) tetrahydrochloride. Then, the influence of protons on the ECL response of BET was studied in detail to obtain stronger ECL emission using potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) as co-reactant in aqueous environment. As a result, a 1.47-fold ECL efficiency enlargement of BET/K₂S₂O₈ was harvested at the Pd@MOFs/GCE, where Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ behaved as a standard. Based on the fact that the ECL signals of the BET-covered Pd@MOFs modified glassy carbon electrode (simplified as BET/Pd@MOFs/GCE) can be quenched by Cu²⁺, the as-built ECL sensor showed a wide linear range (1.0–100.0 pM) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.12 pM. Hence, such research offers huge potential to promote the development of organic emitters in ECL biosensors and environmental monitoring.