Sterically hindered phenanthroimidazole ligands drive the structural flexibility and facile ligand exchange in cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes

Abstract

A series of bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with 2-arylphenanthroimidazole “antenna” ligands containing electron-donor or withdrawing substituents and a more flexible ancillary aromatic β-diketone bearing the “anchoring” carboxymethyl function has been prepared. Thorough X-ray study of the complexes revealed significant structural strains caused by bulky cyclometalated 2-arylphenanthroimidazoles resulting in dramatic distortions of the iridium octahedron and even in twist of the phenanthrene fragment. The crystal data were corroborated by gas-phase DFT calculations whereby the geometry of the complexes was distorted in the same way. While redox potentials, absorption and emission maxima of the complexes displayed expected change upon the variation of the electron-donating ability of the cyclometalated ligands, the complexes readily exchanged the bidentate ancillary ligand in the presence of a negligible amount of protons that was inspected in solution by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, after hydrolysis of the carboxymethyl group the resulting complexes readily react with the surface of titanium dioxide giving unique binuclear structures in which the deprotonated carboxy group of the coordinated β-diketonate binds the second bis-cyclometalated unit by forming a four-membered metallacycle. Though the enhanced reactivity of the complexes is contrary to the common idea of the high inertness of iridium(III) compounds it can be seen as a consequence of the interplay between the steric hindrance induced by the ligands and the strong preference of the iridium(III) ion for octahedral geometry. This study demonstrates that the use of bulky ligands provides access to light-harvesting iridium(III) complexes with required extent of lability which may be promising as photocatalysts and biologically active molecules.