Integration of a metal–organic framework with zeolite: a highly sustainable composite catalyst for the synthesis of γ-valerolactone and coumarins

Abstract

In this study, two well-known porous materials, zeolite Beta and a metal–organic framework are entangled to form a highly efficient composite catalyst. The composite catalyst contains the characteristic features of both the porous materials and is believed to act as a bridge between these porous materials. Powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques confirm the presence of both the frameworks in the composite material. The composite catalyst is employed as a highly efficient and selective catalyst for the synthesis of γ-valerolactone and coumarins. The obtained results reveal that the integration of both the frameworks in the composite catalyst is required to achieve the excellent catalytic activity.