Direct-S: a directed mass spectrometry method for biomarker verification in native serum

Abstract

Serum has been the logical choice and most-used bio-specimen for monitoring biomarkers. However, direct analysis of low-abundance biomarkers in serum is still a problem. Here, we have established a directed mass spectrometry (inclusion list driven MS) method, Direct-S, for direct quantification of protein biomarkers in native serum samples without high-abundance protein depletion or pre-fractionation. In Direct-S, an ¹⁸O-labeling technique was used to produce internal standards of the targeted peptides, and only targeted peptides were selected for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation to increase sensitivity and efficiency. The ¹⁶O/¹⁸O ion pairs of target peptides and the elution time/fragmental pattern of the internal standards were used to facilitate the identification of the low-abundance peptides. Using Direct-S, three candidate biomarkers, α1-antitrypsin (A1AT), galectin-3 binding protein (LG3BP) and cathepsin D (CTSD), which represent different abundance levels, were quantified in serum samples of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and healthy candidates. Direct-S exhibited good linearity of response from 20 fmol to 0.5 nmol (r > 0.9845). Reliable quantification across five orders of magnitude and as low as 71 pg μL⁻¹ was achieved in serum samples. In conclusion, Direct-S is a low cost, convenient and accurate method for verifying serum biomarkers.