How to switch a fluorophore: from undesired blinking to controlled photoswitching

Abstract

Molecular optical photoswitches based on fluorescent proteins and organic dyes are fundamental for super-resolution fluorescence imaging and tracking methods. Precise control of switching, bio-labeling compatibility, and high brightness make photoswitches broadly applicable. This review emphasizes the design and development of photoswitches and the requirements they need to fulfill for their successful application in single-molecule localization microscopy. Furthermore, we discuss recent developments in improving the photoswitching performance with a special focus on organic dyes.