Structural, electronic, optical, and chiroptical properties of small thiolated gold clusters: the case of Au6 and Au8 cores protected with dimer [Au2(SR)3] and trimer [Au3(SR)4)] motifs

Abstract

We report results of a theoretical study, based on density functional theory (DFT), on the structural, electronic, optical, and chiroptical properties of small thiolated gold clusters, [Au_n(SR)_m (n = 12–15, 16–20; m = 9–12, 12–16)]. Some of these clusters correspond to those recently synthesized with the surfactant-free method. To study the cluster physical properties, we consider two cluster families with Au₆ and Au₈ cores, respectively, covered with dimer [Au₂(SR)₃] and trimer [Au₃(SR)₄] (CH₃ being the R group) motifs or their combinations. Our DFT calculations show, by comparing the relaxed structures of the [Au₆[Au₂(SR)₃]₃]⁺, [Au₆[Au₂(SR)₃]₂[Au₃(SR)₄]]⁺, [Au₆[Au₂(SR)₃][Au₃(SR)₄]₂]⁺, and [Au₆[Au₃(SR)₄]₃]⁺ cationic clusters, that there is an increasing distortion in the Au₆ core as each dimer is replaced by a longer trimer motif. For the clusters in the second family, Au₈[Au₃(SR)₄]₄, Au₈[Au₂(SR)₃][Au₃(SR)₄]₃, Au₈[Au₂(SR)₃]₂[Au₃(SR)₄]₂, Au₈[Au₂(SR)₃]₃[Au₃(SR)₄], and Au₈[Au₂(SR)₃]₄, a smaller distortion of the Au₈ core is observed as dimer motifs are substituted by trimer ones. An interesting trend emerging from the present calculations shows that as the number of trimer motifs increases in the protecting layer of both Au₆ and Au₈ cores, the average of the interatomic Au(core)–S distances reduces. This shrinkage in the Au(core)–S distances is correlated with an increase of the cluster HOMO–LUMO (H–L) gap. From these results, it is predicted that a larger number of trimer motifs in the cluster protecting layer would induce larger H–L gaps. By analyzing the electronic transitions that characterize the optical absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the clusters under study, it is observed that the molecular orbitals involved are composed of comparable proportions of orbitals corresponding to atoms forming the cluster core and the protecting dimer and trimer motifs.