A novel proton-selective sensor based on a sugar with hinge flexibility

Abstract

A hinge sugar, a 2,4-diamino-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-xylopyranoside derivative, turns its four equatorial substituents into axial orientations through a ⁴C₁-to-¹C₄ ring flip in response to chelation to a metal ion. This hinge-like motion enables two components attached at the 1- and 3-positions to switch between far and near states. In this study, we examined the effect of N-alkylation on the bendability of the hinge molecule and synthesized a 2,4-dipyrenylmethyl derivative as a proton-selective sensor. ¹H NMR studies showed that N-alkylations of the hinge sugar facilitated ¹C₄ formation in the presence of an acid, probably because the increased basicity of the amino group promoted the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the 2- and 4-amino substituents, whereas chelation to a metal ion was hampered by the increased bulkiness. In accordance with the above results, N,N′-dipyrenylmethyl hinge sugar 3 emitted excimer fluorescence (445 nm) owing to the pyrene stacking as a result of the ¹C₄ formation at lower concentrations of trifuluoroacetic acid (TFA), while no significant changes in fluorescence spectra were observed when metal ions were added. Increase of the monomer fluorescence (375 nm) at higher TFA concentrations was also observed. These observations indicate that 3 could be used as a proton-selective sensor that covers a wide range of proton concentrations through monitoring of the two fluorescence maxima.