Dinitrogen functionalization with bis(cyclopentadienyl) complexes of zirconium and hafnium

Abstract

The rich chemistry of substituted bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium and hafnium complexes bearing side-on coordinated dinitrogen ligands is highlighted in this Perspective. Our studies in this area were initially motivated by the desire to understand side-on vs. end-on dinitrogen coordination in bimetallic zirconocene and hafnocene N₂ compounds. In the cases where η²,η²-dinitrogen compounds were isolated, both structural and computational data have established significant imido character in the metal–nitrogen bonds. This additional bonding interaction, which is diminished in end-on complexes bearing both terminal and bridging N₂ ligands, facilitates dinitrogen functionalization by non-polar reagents including dihydrogen, carbon–hydrogen bonds and weak Brønsted acids such as water and ethanol. In hafnocene chemistry, where unwanted side-on, end-on isomerization is suppressed, cycloaddition of phenylisocyanate to coordinated N₂ has also been accomplished. For N–H bond forming reactions involving H₂, kinetic measurements, in addition to isotopic labelling and computational studies, are consistent with dinitrogen functionalization by 1,2-addition involving a highly ordered, four-centred transition structure.