Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection

Abstract

A systematic investigation of two well-known and popular commercial suncreams reveals significant degradation when exposed to simulated UV sunlight at an irradiance corresponding to natural sunlight. We have examined the photochemistry of two widely used sunscreen active agents in pure solvents separately and together (in solution), and in neat form, as well as their photochemistry when present in the actual suncream emulsion (as thin films on a glass substrate) since their combination typically produces suncreams with high sun protection factors (SPF): (1a) octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC; octinoxate) and (2a) 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (also known as avobenzone and Parsol 1789), present in the two suncream formulations in combination with others (one also contained TiO₂). Intermediates and/or photoproducts were identified by UV/visible spectroscopy, HPLC and liquid chromatographic/mass spectral methods, and by both ¹H and ¹³C-NMR techniques. Structural assignments of the substrates produced were aided by examining model systems {viz. ethyl cinnamate (1b) and dibenzoylmethane (2b)} of the two sunscreen active agents. Irradiation of the cinnamates and the diketones together led to a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition process yielding cinnamate dimers and cyclobutylketone photoadducts that subsequently fragmented into substituted oxopentanoates and oxobutanoates. Similar findings were observed when the two active agents were simultaneously present in the same suncream emulsion.